-CW   Morse Station
   -HF   HFDL Squitter (Aircraft comms station)
   -MX   Music
   -TS   Time Signal Station
   -TY   Teletype Station (RTTY/SITOR/..)
   A     Arabic (300m)                                                       [arb]
   AB    Abkhaz: Georgia-Abkhazia (0.1m)                                     [abk]
   AC    Aceh: Indonesia-Sumatera (3m)                                       [ace]
   ACH   Achang / Ngac'ang: Myanmar, South China (60,000)                    [acn]
   AD    Adygea / Adyghe / Circassian: Russia-Caucasus (0.5m)                [ady]
   ADI   Adi: India-Assam,Arunachal Pr. (0.1m)                               [adi]
   AF    Afrikaans: South Africa, Namibia (5m)                               [afr]
   AFA   Afar: Djibouti (0.3m), Ethiopia (0.45m), Eritrea (0.3m)             [aar]
   AFG   Pashto and Dari (main Afghan languages, see there)
   AH    Amharic: Ethiopia (22m)                                             [amh]
   AJ    Adja / Aja-Gbe: Benin, Togo (0.5m)                                  [ajg]
   AK    Akha: Burma (0.2m), China-Yunnan (0.13m)                            [ahk]
   AKL   Aklanon: Philippines-Visayas (0.5m)                                 [akl]
   AL    Albanian: Albania (Tosk)(3m), Macedonia/Yugoslavia (Gheg)(2m)       [sqi]
   ALG   Algerian (Arabic): Algeria (28m)                                    [arq]
   AM    Amoy: S China (25m), Taiwan (15m), SoEaAsia (5m); dialect of Minnan [nan]
   AMD   Tibetan Amdo (Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan: 2m)                   [adx]
   Ang   Angelus programme of Vatican Radio
   AR    Armenian: Armenia (3m), USA (1m), RUS,GEO,SYR,LBN,IRN,EGY           [hye]
   ARO   Aromanian/Vlach: Greece, Albania, Macedonia (0.1m)                  [rup]
   ARU   Languages of Arunachal, India (collectively)
   ASS   Assamese: India-Assam (13m)                                         [asm]
   ASY   Assyrian/Syriac/Neo-Aramaic: Iraq, Iran, Syria (0.2m)               [aii]
   ATS   Atsi / Zaiwa: Myanmar (13,000), China-Yunnan (70,000)               [atb]
   Aud   Papal Audience (Vatican Radio)
   AV    Avar: Dagestan, S Russia (0.7m)                                     [ava]
   AW    Awadhi: N&Ce India (3m)                                             [awa]
   AY    Aymara: Bolivia (2m)                                                [ayr]
   AZ    Azeri/Azerbaijani: Azerbaijan (6m)                                  [azj]
   BAD   Badaga: India-Tamil Nadu (0.13m)                                    [bfq]
   BAG   Bagri: India-Punjab (0.6m), Pakistan (0.2m)                         [bgq]
   BAI   Bai: China-Yunnan (1.2m)                                            [bca]
   BAJ   Bajau: Malaysia-Sabah (50,000)                                      [bdr]
   BAL   Balinese: Indonesia-Bali (3m)                                       [ban]
   BAN   Banjar/Banjarese: Indonesia-Kalimantan (3.5m)                       [bjn]
   BAO   Baoulé: Cote d'Ivoire (2m)                                          [bci]
   BAR   Bari: South Sudan (0.4m)                                            [bfa]
   BAS   Bashkir/Bashkort:  Russia-Bashkortostan (1m)                        [bak]
   BAY   Bayash/Boyash (gypsy dialect of Romanian): Serbia, Croatia (10,000)
   BB    Braj Bhasa/Braj Bhasha/Brij: India-Rajasthan (0.6m)                 [bra]
   BC    Baluchi: Pakistan (5m)                                              [bal]
   BE    Bengali/Bangla: Bangladesh (110m), India (82m)                      [ben]
   BED   bedawiyet / Bedawi / Beja: Sudan (1m)                               [bej]
   BEM   Bemba: Zambia (3m)                                                  [bem]
   BGL   Bagheli: N India (3m)                                               [bfy]
   BH    Bhili: India-Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat (3.3m)                         [bhb]
   BHN   Bahnar: Vietnam (160,000)                                           [bdq]
   BHT   Bhatri: India-Chhattisgarh,Maharashtra (0.2m)                       [bgw]
   BI    Bilen/Bile: Eritrea-Keren (90,000)                                  [byn]
   BID   Bidayuh languages: Malaysia-Sarawak (70,000)                        [sdo]
   BIS   Bisaya: Malaysia-Sarawak,Sabah (20,000), Brunei (40,000)            [bsb]
   BJ    Bhojpuri/Bihari: India (38m), Nepal (1.7m)                          [bho]
   BK    Balkarian: Russia-Caucasus (0.3m)                                   [krc]
   BLK   Balkan Romani: Bulgaria (0.3m), Serbia (0.1m), Macedonia (0.1m)     [rmn]
   BLT   Balti: NE Pakistan (0.3m)                                           [bft]
   BM    Bambara/Bamanankan/Mandenkan: Mali (4m)                             [bam]
   BNA   Borana Oromo/Afan Oromo: Ethiopia (4m)                              [gax]
   BNG   Bangala / Mbangala: Central Angola (0.4m)                           [mxg]
   BNI   Baniua/Baniwa: Brazil-Amazonas (6,000)                              [bwi]
   BNJ   Banjari / Banjara / Gormati / Lambadi: India (4m)                   [lmn]
   BNT   Bantawa: Nepal (400,000)                                            [bap]
   BON   Bondo: India-Odisha (9000)                                          [bfw]
   BOR   Boro / Bodo: India-Assam,W Bengal (1.3m)                            [brx]
   BOS   Bosnian (derived from Serbocroat): Bosnia-Hercegovina (2m)          [bos]
   BR    Burmese / Barma / Myanmar: Myanmar (32m)                            [mya]
   BRA   Brahui: Pakistan (4m), Afghanistan (0.2m)                           [brh]
   BRB   Bariba / Baatonum: Benin (0.5m), Nigeria (0.1m)                     [bba]
   BRU   Bru: Laos (30,000), Vietnam (55,000)                                [bru]
   BSL   Bislama: Vanuatu (10,000)                                           [bis]
   BT    Black Tai / Tai Dam: Vietnam (0.7m)                                 [blt]
   BTK   Batak-Toba: Indonesia-Sumatra (2m)                                  [bbc]
   BU    Bulgarian: Bulgaria (6m)                                            [bul]
   BUG   Bugis / Buginese: Indonesia-Sulawesi (5m)                           [bug]
   BUK   Bukharian/Bukhori: Israel (50,000), Uzbekistan (10,000)             [bhh]
   BUN   Bundeli / Bundelkhandi / Bundelkandi: India-Uttar,Madhya Pr. (3m)   [bns]
   BUR   Buryat: Russia-Buryatia, Lake Baikal (0.4m)                         [bxr]
   BY    Byelorussian / Belarusian: Belarus, Poland, Ukraine (8m)            [bel]
   C     Chinese (not further specified)
   CA    Cantonese / Yue: China-Guangdong (50m),Hongkong (6m),Malaysia (1m)  [yue]
   CC    Chaochow (dialect of Min-Nan): China-Guangdong (10m), Thailand (1m) [nan]
   CD    Chowdary/Chaudhry/Chodri: India-Gujarat (0.2m)                      [cdi]
   CEB   Cebuano: Philippines (16m)                                          [ceb]
   CH    Chin (not further specified): Myanmar; includes those below a.o.
   C-A   Chin-Asho: Myanmar-Ayeyarwady,Rakhine (30,000)                      [csh]
   C-D   Chin-Daai: Myanmar-Chin (37,000)                                    [dao]
   C-F   Chin-Falam / Halam: Myanmar-Chin, Bangladesh, India (0.1m)          [cfm]
   C-H   Chin-Haka: Myanmar-Chin (100,000)                                   [cnh]
   CHA   Cha'palaa / Chachi: Ecuador-Esmeraldas (10,000)                     [cbi]
   CHE   Chechen: Russia-Chechnya (1.4m)                                     [che]
   CHG   Chhattisgarhi: India-Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Bihar (13m)              [hne]
   CHI   Chitrali / Khowar: NW Pakistan (0.2m)                               [khw]
   C-K   Chin-Khumi: Myanmar-Chin,Rakhine (0.6m)                             [cnk]
   C-M   Chin-Mro: Myanmar-Rakhine,Chin (75,000)                             [cmr]
   C-O   Chin-Thado / Thadou-Kuki: India-Assam, Manipur (0.2m)               [tcz]
   CHR   Chrau: Vietnam (7,000)                                              [crw]
   CHU   Chuwabu: Mozambique (1m)                                            [chw]
   C-T   Chin-Tidim: Myanmar-Chin (0.2m), India-Mizoram,Manipur (0.15m)      [ctd]
   C-Z   Chin-Zomin / Zomi-Chin: Myanmar (60,000), India-Manipur (20,000)    [zom]
   CKM   Chakma: India-Mizoram,Tripura,Assam (0.2m), Bangladesh (0.15m)      [ccp]
   CKW   Chokwe: Angola (0.5m), DR Congo (0.5m)                              [cjk]
   COF   Cofan / Cofán: Ecuador-Napo, Colombia (2000)                        [con]
   COK   Cook Islands Maori / Rarotongan: Cook Islands (13,000)              [rar]
   CR    Creole / Haitian: Haiti (7m)                                        [hat]
   CRU   Chru: Vietnam (19,000)                                              [cje]
   CT    Catalan: Spain (7m), Andorra (31,000)                               [cat]
   CV    Chuvash: Russia-Chuvashia (1m)                                      [chv]
   CVC   Chavacano/Chabacano: Spanish creole in PHL-Mindanao (4m)            [cbk]
   CW    Chewa/Chichewa/Nyanja/Chinyanja: Malawi (7m), MOZ (0.6m),ZMB (0.8m) [nya]
   CZ    Czech: Czech Republic (9m)                                          [ces]
   D     German: Germany (80m), Austria, Switzerland, Belgium                [deu]
   D-P   Lower German (varieties in N.Germany, USA:Pennsylvania Dutch)       [pdc]
   DA    Danish: Denmark (5.5m)                                              [dan]
   DAH   Dahayia: India
   DAO   Dao: Vietnam ethnic group speaking MIE and Kim Mun (0.7m)
   DAR   Dargwa/Dargin: Russia-Dagestan (0.5m)                               [dar]
   DD    Dhodiya / Dhodia: India-Gujarat (150,000)                           [dho]
   DEC   Deccan/Deccani/Desi: India-Maharashtra (13m)                        [dcc]
   DEG   Degar / Montagnard (Vietnam): comprises JR, RAD, BHN, KOH, MNO, STI
   DEN   Dendi: Benin (30,000)                                               [ddn]
   DEO   Deori: India-Assam (27,000)                                         [der]
   DES   Desiya / Deshiya: India-Odisha (50,000)                             [dso]
   DH    Dhivehi: Maldives (0.3m)                                            [div]
   DI    Dinka: South Sudan (1.4m)                           [dip,diw,dik,dib,dks]
   DIM   Dimasa/Dhimasa: India-Assam: (0.1m)                                 [dis]
   DIT   Ditamari: Benin (0.1m)                                              [tbz]
   DO    Dogri (sometimes includes Kangri dialect): N India (4m)     [doi,dgo,him]
   DR    Dari / Eastern Farsi: Afghanistan (7m), Pakistan (2m)               [prs]
   DU    Dusun: Malaysia-Sabah (0.1m)                                        [dtp]
   DUN   Dungan: Kyrgyzstan (40,000)                                         [dng]
   DY    Dyula/Jula: Burkina Faso (1m), Ivory Coast (1.5m), Mali (50,000)    [dyu]
   DZ    Dzongkha: Bhutan (0.2m)                                             [dzo]
   E     English: UK (60m), USA (225m), India (200m), others                 [eng]
   EC    Eastern Cham: Vietnam (70,000)                                      [cjm]
   EGY   Egyptian Arabic: Egypt (52m)                                        [arz]
   EO    Esperanto: Constructed language (2m)                                [epo]
   ES    Estonian: Estonia (1m)                                              [ekk]
   EWE   Ewe / Éwé: Ghana (2m), Togo (1m)                                    [ewe]
   F     French: France (53m), Canada (7m), Belgium (4m), Switzerland (1m)   [fra]
   FA    Faroese: Faroe Islands (66,000)                                     [fao]
   FI    Finnish: Finland (5m)                                               [fin]
   FJ    Fijian: Fiji (0.3m)                                                 [fij]
   FON   Fon / Fongbe: Benin (1.4m)                                          [fon]
   FP    Filipino (based on Tagalog): Philippines (25m)                      [fil]
   FS    Farsi / Iranian Persian: Iran (45m)                                 [pes]
   FT    Fiote / Vili: Rep. Congo (7000), Gabon (4000)                       [vif]
   FU    Fulani/Fulfulde: Nigeria (8m), Niger (1m),Burkina Faso (1m) [fub,fuh,fuq]
   FUJ   FutaJalon / Pular: Guinea (3m)                                      [fuf]
         Fujian: see TW-Taiwanese
   FUR   Fur: Sudan-Darfur (0.5m)                                            [fvr]
   GA    Garhwali: India-Uttarakhand,Himachal Pr. (3m)                       [gbm]
   GAG   Gagauz: Moldova (0.1m)                                              [gag]
   GAR   Garo: India-Meghalaya,Assam,Nagaland,Tripura (1m)                   [grt]
   GD    Greenlandic Inuktikut: Greenland (50,000)                           [kal]
   GE    Georgian: Georgia (4m)                                              [kat]
   GI    Gilaki: Iran (3m)                                                   [glk]
   GJ    Gujari/Gojri: NW India (0.7m), Pakistan (0.3m)                      [gju]
   GL    Galicic/Gallego: Spain (3m)                                         [glg]
   GM    Gamit: India-Gujarat (0.3m)                                         [gbl]
   GNG   Gurung (Eastern and Western): Nepal (0.4m)                      [ggn,gvr]
   GO    Gorontalo: Indonesia-Sulawesi (1m)                                  [gor]
   GON   Gondi: India-Madhya Pr.,Maharashtra (2m)                            [gno]
   GR    Greek: Greece (10m), Cyprus (0.7m)                                  [ell]
   GU    Gujarati: India-Gujarat,Maharashtra,Rajasthan (46m)                 [guj]
   GUA   Guaraní: Paraguay (5m)                                              [grn]
   GUR   Gurage/Guragena: Ethiopia (0.4m)                                    [sgw]
   GZ    Ge'ez / Geez (liturgic language of Ethiopia)                        [gez]
   HA    Haussa: Nigeria (19m), Niger (5m), Benin (1m)                       [hau]
   HAD   Hadiya: Ethiopia (1.2m)                                             [hdy]
   HAR   Haryanvi /  Bangri / Harayanvi / Hariyanvi: India-Haryana (8m)      [bgc]
   HAS   Hassinya/Hassaniya: Mauritania (3m)                                 [mey]
   HB    Hebrew: Israel (5m)                                                 [heb]
   HD    Hindko (Northern and Southern): Pakistan (3m)                   [hnd,hno]
   HI    Hindi: India (260m)                                                 [hin]
   HIM   Himachali languages: India-Himachal Pradesh                         [him]
   HK    Hakka: South China (26m), Taiwan (3m), Malaysia (1m)                [hak]
         Hokkien: see TW-Taiwanese
   HM    Hmong/Miao languages: S China, N Vietnam, N Laos, USA (3m)          [hmn]
   HMA   Hmar: India-Assam,Manipur,Mizoram (80,000)                          [hmr]
   HMB   Hmong-Blue/Njua: Laos (0.1m), Thailand (60,000)                     [hnj]
   HMQ   Hmong/Miao, Northern Qiandong / Black Hmong: S China (1m)           [hea]
   HMW   Hmong-White/Daw: Vietnam (1m), Laos (0.2m), S China (0.2m)          [mww]
   HN    Hani: China-Yunnan (0.7m)                                           [hni]
   HO    Ho: India-Jharkand,Odisha,W Bengal (1m)                             [hoc]
   HR    Croatian/Hrvatski: Croatia (4m), BIH (0.5m), Serbia (0.1m)          [hrv]
   HRE   Hre: Vietnam (0.1m)                                                 [hre]
   HU    Hungarian: Hungary (10m), Romania (1.5m), SVK (0.5m), SRB (0.3m)    [hun]
   HUI   Hui / Huizhou: China-Anhui,Zhejiang (5m)                            [czh]
   HZ    Hazaragi: Afghanistan (1.8m), Iran (0.3m)                           [haz]
   I     Italian: Italy (55m), Switzerland (0.5m), San Marino (25,000)       [ita]
   IB    Iban: Malaysia-Sarawak (0.7m)                                       [iba]
   IBN   Ibanag: Philippines-Luzon (0.5m)                                    [ibg]
   IF    Ifè / Ife: Togo (0.1m), Benin (80,000)                              [ife]
   IG    Igbo / Ibo: Nigeria (18m)                                           [ibo]
   ILC   Ilocano: Philippines (7m)                                           [ilo]
   ILG   Ilonggo / Hiligaynon: Philippines-Visayas/Mindanao (9m)             [hil]
   IN    Indonesian / Bahasa Indonesia: Indonesia (140m)                     [ind]
   INU   Inuktikut: Canada-Nunavut,N Quebec,Labrador (30,000)                [ike]
   IRQ   Iraqi Arabic: Iraq (12m), Iran (1m), Syria (2m)                     [acm]
   IS    Icelandic: Iceland (0.2m)                                           [isl]
   ISA   Isan / Northeastern Thai: Thailand (15m)                            [tts]
   ITA   Itawis / Tawit: Philippines-Luzon (0.1m)                            [itv]
   J     Japanese: Japan (122m)                                              [jpn]
   JAI   Jaintia / Pnar / Synteng: India-Meghalaya, Bangladesh (250,000)     [pbv]
   JEH   Jeh: Vietnam (15,000), Laos (8,000)                                 [jeh]
   JG    Jingpho: see KC-Kachin
   JOR   Jordanian Arabic: Jordan (3.5m), Israel/Palestine (2.5m)            [ajp]
   JR    Jarai / Giarai / Jra: Vietnam (0.3m)                                [jra]
   JU    Juba Arabic: South Sudan (60,000)                                   [pga]
   JV    Javanese: Indonesia-Java,Bali (84m)                                 [jav]
   K     Korean: Korea (62m), China-Jilin,Heilongjiang,Liaoning (2m)         [kor]
   KA    Karen (unspecified): Myanmar (3m)
   K-G   Karen-Geba: Myanmar (40,000)                                        [kvq]
   K-K   Karen-Geko / Gekho: Myanmar (17,000)                                [ghk]
   K-M   Manumanaw Karen / Kawyaw / Kayah: Myanmar (10,000)                  [kxf]
   K-P   Karen-Pao / Black Karen / Pa'o: Myanmar (0.5m)                      [blk]
   K-S   Karen-Sgaw / S'gaw: Myanmar (1.3m), Thailand (0.2m)                 [ksw]
   K-W   Karen-Pwo: Myanmar (1m); Northern variant: Thailand (60,000)    [kjp,pww]
   KAD   Kadazan: Malaysia-Sabah (80,000)                                [kzj,dtb]
   KAL   Kalderash Romani (Dialect of Vlax): Romania (0.2m)                  [rmy]
   KAB   Kabardian: Russia-Caucasus (0.5m), Turkey (1m)                      [kbd]
   KAM   Kambaata: Ethiopia (0.6m)                                           [ktb]
   KAN   Kannada: India-Karnataka,Andhra Pr.,Tamil Nadu (40m)                [kan]
   KAO   Kaonde: Zambia (0.2m)                                               [kqn]
   KAR   Karelian: Russia-Karelia (25,000), Finland (10,000)                 [krl]
   KAT   Katu: Vietnam (50,000)                                              [ktv]
   KAU   Kau Bru / Kaubru/ Riang: India-Tripura,Mizoram,Assam (77,000)       [ria]
   KAY   Kayan: Myanmar (0.1m)                                               [pdu]
   KB    Kabyle: Algeria (5m)                                                [kab]
   KBO   Kok Borok/Tripuri: India (0.8m)                                     [trp]
   KC    Kachin / Jingpho: Myanmar (0.9m)                                    [kac]
   KG    Kyrgyz /Kirghiz: Kyrgystan (2.5m), China (0.1m)                     [kir]
   KGU   Kalanguya / Kallahan: Philippines-Luzon (0.1m)                      [kak]
   KH    Khmer: Cambodia (13m), Vietnam (1m)                                 [khm]
   KHA   Kham / Khams, Eastern: China-NE Tibet (1.4m)                        [khg]
   KHM   Khmu: Laos (0.6m)                                                   [kjg]
   KHR   Kharia / Khariya: India-Jharkand (0.2m)                             [khr]
   KHS   Khasi / Kahasi: India-Meghalaya,Assam (0.8m)                        [kha]
   KHT   Khota (India)
   KIM   Kimwani: Mozambique (0.1m)                                          [wmw]
   KIN   Kinnauri / Kinori: India-Himachal Pr. (65,000)                      [kfk]
   KiR   KiRundi: Burundi (9m)                                               [run]
   KK    KiKongo/Kongo: DR Congo, Angola (8m)                                [kng]
   KKA   Kankana-ey: Philippines-Luzon (0.3m)                                [kne]
   KKN   Kukna: India-Gujarat (0.1m)                                         [kex]
   KKU   Korku: India-Madhya Pr.,Maharashtra (1m)                            [kfq]
   KMB   Kimbundu/Mbundu/Luanda: Angola (4m)                                 [kmb]
   KMY   Kumyk: Russia-Dagestan (0.4m)                                       [kum]
   KND   Khandesi: India-Maharashtra (22,000)                                [khn]
   KNG   Kangri: close to Dogri; India-Himachal Pradesh, Punjab (1m)         [xnr]
   KNK   KinyaRwanda-KiRundi service of the Voice of America / BBC
   KNU   Kanuri: Nigeria (3.2m), Chad (0.1m), Niger (0.4m)                   [kau]
   KNY   Konyak Naga: India-Assam,Nagaland (0.25m)                           [nbe]
   KOH   Koho/Kohor: Vietnam (0.2m)                                          [kpm]
   KOK   Kokang Shan: Myanmar (dialect of Shan)
   KOM   Komering: Indonesia-Sumatera (0.5m)                                 [kge]
   KON   Konkani: India-Maharashtra,Karnataka,Kerala (2.4m)                  [knn]
   KOR   Korambar / Kurumba Kannada: India-Tamil Nadu (0.2m)                 [kfi]
   KOT   Kotokoli / Tem: Togo (0.2m), Benin (0.05m), Ghana (0.05m)           [kdh]
   KOY   Koya: India-Andhra Pr.,Odisha (0.4m)                                [kff]
   KPK   Karakalpak: W Uzbekistan (0.4m)                                     [kaa]
   KRB   Karbi / Mikir / Manchati: India-Assam,Arunachal Pr. (0.4m)          [mjw]
   KRI   Krio: Sierra Leone (0.5m)                                           [kri]
   KRW   KinyaRwanda: Rwanda (7m), Uganda (0.4m), DR Congo (0.2m)            [kin]
   KRY   Karay-a: Philippines-Visayas (0.4m)                                 [krj]
   KS    Kashmiri: India (5m), Pakistan (0.1m)                               [kas]
   KT    Kituba (simplified Kikongo): Rep. Congo (1m), DR Congo (4m)         [ktu]
   KTW   Kotwali (dialect of Bhili): India-Gujarat,Maharshtra                [bhb]
   KU    Kurdish: Turkey (15m), Iraq (6.3m), Iran (6.5m), Syria (1m) [ckb,kmr,sdh]
   KuA   Kurdish and Arabic
   KuF   Kurdish and Farsi
   KUI   Kui: India-Odisha,Ganjam,Andhra Pr. (1m)                            [kxu]
   KUL   Kulina: Brazil-Acre (3500)                                          [cul]
   KUM   Kumaoni/Kumauni: India-Uttarakhand (2m)                             [kfy]
   KUN   Kunama: Eritrea (0.2m)                                              [kun]
   KUP   Kupia / Kupiya: India-Andhra Pr. (6,000)                            [key]
   KUR   Kurukh/Kurux: India-Chhatisgarh,Jharkhand,W.Bengal (2m)             [kru]
   KUs   Sorani (Central) Kurdish: Iraq (3.5m), Iran (3.3m)                  [ckb]
   KUT   Kutchi: India-Gujarat (0.4m), Pakistan-Sindh (0.2m)                 [gjk]
   KUV   Kuvi: India-Odisha (0.16m)                                          [kxv]
   KVI   Kulluvi/Kullu: India-Himachal Pr. (0.1m)                            [kfx]
   KWA   Kwanyama/Kuanyama (dialect of OW): Angola (0.4m), Namibia (0.2m)    [kua]
   KYH   Kayah: Myanmar (0.15m)                                              [kyu]
   KZ    Kazakh: Kazakhstan (7m), China (1m), Mongolia (0.1m)                [kaz]
   L     Latin: Official language of Catholic church                         [lat]
   LA    Ladino: see SEF
   LAD   Ladakhi / Ladak: India-Jammu and Kashmir (0.1m)                     [lbj]
   LAH   Lahu: China (0.3m), Myanmar (0.2m)                                  [lhu]
   LAK   Lak: Russia-Dagestan (0.15m)                                        [lbe]
   LAM   Lampung: Indonesia-Sumatera (1m)                                [abl,ljp]
   LAO   Lao: Laos (3m)                                                      [lao]
   LB    Lun Bawang / Murut: Malaysia-Sarawak (24,000), Indonesia (23,000)   [lnd]
   LBN   Lebanon Arabic (North Levantine): Lebanon (4m), Syria (9m)          [apc]
   LBO   Limboo /Limbu: Nepal (0.3m), India-Sikkim,W.Bengal,Assam (40,000)   [lif]
   LEP   Lepcha: India-Sikkim,W.Bengal (50,000)                              [lep]
   LEZ   Lezgi: Russia-Dagestan (0.4m), Azerbaijan (0.4m)                    [lez]
   LIM   Limba: Sierra Leone (0.3m)                                          [lia]
   LIN   Lingala: DR Congo (2m), Rep. Congo (0.1m)                           [lin]
   LIS   Lisu: China-West Yunnan (0.6m), Burma (0.3m)                        [lis]
   LND   Lunda (see LU), in particular its dialect Ndembo: Angola (0.2m)     [lun]
   LNG   Lungeli Magar (possibly same as MGA?)
   LO    Lomwe / Ngulu: Mocambique (1.5m)                                    [ngl]
   LOK   Lokpa / Lukpa: Benin (50,000), Togo (14,000)                        [dop]
   LOZ   Lozi / Silozi: Zambia (0.6m), ZWE (70,000), NMB-E Caprivi (30,000)  [loz]
   LT    Lithuanian: Lithuania (3m)                                          [lit]
   LTO   Oriental Liturgy of Vatican Radio
   LU    Lunda: Zambia (0.5m)                                                [lun]
   LUB   Luba: DR Congo-Kasai (6m)                                           [lua]
   LUC   Luchazi: Angola (0.4m), Zambia (0.05m)                              [lch]
   LUG   Luganda: Uganda (4m)                                                [lug]
   LUN   Lunyaneka/Nyaneka: Angola (0.3m)                                    [nyk]
   LUR   Luri, Northern and Southern: Iran (1.5m and 0.9m)               [lrc,luz]
   LUV   Luvale: Angola (0.5m), Zambia (0.2m)                                [lue]
   LV    Latvian: Latvia (1.2m)                                              [lvs]
   M     Mandarin (Standard Chinese / Beijing dialect): China (840m)         [cmn]
   MA    Maltese: Malta (0.3m)                                               [mlt]
   MAD   Madurese/Madura: Indonesia-Java (7m)                                [mad]
   MAG   Maghi/Magahi/Maghai: India-Bihar,Jharkhand (14m)                    [mag]
   MAI   Maithili / Maithali: India-Bihar (30m), Nepal (3m)                  [mai]
   MAK   Makonde: Tanzania (1m), Mozambique (0.4m)                           [kde]
   MAL   Malayalam: India-Kerala (33m)                                       [mal]
   MAM   Maay / Mamay / Rahanweyn: Somalia (2m)                              [ymm]
   MAO   Maori: New Zealand (60,000)                                         [mri]
   MAR   Marathi: India-Maharashtra (72m)                                    [mar]
   MAS   Maasai/Massai/Masai: Kenya (0.8m), Tanzania (0.5m)                  [mas]
   MC    Macedonian: Macedonia (1.4m), Albania (0.1m)                        [mkd]
   MCH   Mavchi/Mouchi/Mauchi/Mawchi: India-Gujarat,Maharashtra (0.1m)       [mke]
   MEI   Meithei/Manipuri/Meitei: India-Manipur,Assam (1.5m)                 [mni]
   MEN   Mende: Sierra Leone (1.5m)                                          [men]
   MEW   Mewari/Mewadi (a Rajasthani variety): India-Rajasthan (5m)          [mtr]
   MGA   Magar (Western and Eastern): Nepal (0.8m)                       [mrd,mgp]
   MIE   Mien / Iu Mien: S China (0.4m), Vietnam (0.4m)                      [ium]
   MIS   Mising: India-Assam,Arunachal Pr. (0.5m)                            [mrg]
   MKB   Minangkabau: Indonesia-West Sumatra (5.5m)                          [min]
   MKS   Makassar/Makasar: Indonesia-South Sulawesi (2m)                     [mak]
   MKU   Makua / Makhuwa: Mocambique (3m)                                    [vmw]
   ML    Malay / Baku: Malaysia (10m), Singapore (0.4m), Indonesia (5m)  [zsm,zlm]
   MLK   Malinke/Maninka (We/Ea): Guinea (3m), SEN (0.4m), Mali (0.8m)   [emk,mlq]
   MLT   Malto / Kumarbhag Paharia: India-Jharkhand (12,000)                 [kmj]
   MNA   Mina / Gen: Togo (0.2m), Benin (0.1m)                               [gej]
   MNB   Manobo / T'duray: Philippines-Mindanao (0.1m)                       [mno]
   MNE   Montenegrin (quite the same as SR): Montenegro (0.2m)               [srp]
   MNO   Mnong (Ea,Ce,So): Vietnam (90,000), Cambodia (40,000)       [mng,cmo,mnn]
   MO    Mongolian: Mongolia (Halh; 2m), China (Peripheral; 3m)          [khk,mvf]
   MON   Mon: Myanmar-Mon,Kayin (0.7m), Thailand (0.1m)                      [mnw]
   MOO   Moore/Mòoré: Burkina Faso (5m)                                      [mos]
   MOR   Moro/Moru/Muro: Sudan-S Korodofan (30,000)                          [mor]
   MR    Maronite / Cypriot Arabic: Cyprus (1300)                            [acy]
   MRC   Moroccan/Mugrabian Arabic: Morocco (20m)                            [ary]
   MRI   Mari: Russia-Mari (0.8m)                                            [chm]
   MRU   Maru / Lhao Vo: Burma-Kachin,Shan (0.1m)                            [mhx]
   MSY   Malagasy: Madagaskar (16m)                                          [mlg]
   MUN   Mundari: India-Jharkhand,Odisha (1.1m)                              [unr]
   MUO   Muong: Vietnam (1m)                                                 [mtq]
   MUR   Murut: Malaysia-Sarawak,Sabah (4500)                        [kxi,mvv,tih]
   MV    Malvi: India-Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan (6m)                         [mup]
   MW    Marwari (a Rajasthani variety): India-Rajasthan,Gujarat (6m)    [mwr,rwr]
   MX    Macuxi/Macushi: Brazil (16,000), Guyana (1,000)                     [mbc]
   MY    Maya (Yucatec): Mexico (0.7m), Belize (6000)                        [yua]
   MZ    Mizo / Lushai: India-Mizoram (0.7m)                                 [lus]
   NAG   Naga (var.incl. Ao,Makware): India-Nagaland, Assam (2m) [njh,njo,nmf,nph]
   NAP   Naga Pidgin / Bodo / Nagamese: India-Nagaland (30,000)              [nag]
   NDA   Ndau: Mocambique (1.6m), Zimbabwe (0.8m)                            [ndc]
   NDE   Ndebele: Zimbabwe (1.5m), South Africa-Limpopo (0.6m)           [nde,nbl]
   NE    Nepali/Lhotshampa: Nepal (11m), India (3m), Bhutan (0.1m)           [npi]
   NG    Nagpuri / Sadani / Sadari / Sadri: India-Jharkhand,W.Bengal (3m)    [sck]
   NGA   Ngangela/Nyemba: Angola (0.2m)                                      [nba]
   NIC   Nicobari: India-Nicobar Islands (40,000)                            [caq]
   NIG   Nigerian Pidgin: Nigeria (30m)                                      [pcm]
   NIS   Nishi/Nyishi: India-Arunachal Pradesh (0.2m)                        [njz]
   NIU   Niuean: Niue (2,000)                                                [niu]
   NL    Dutch: Netherlands (16m), Belgium (6m), Suriname (0.2m)             [nld]
   NLA   Nga La / Matu Chin: Myanmar-Chin (30,000), India-Mizoram (10,000)   [hlt]
   NO    Norwegian: Norway (5m)                                              [nor]
   NOC   Nocte / Nockte: India-Assam,Arunachal Pr. (33,000)                  [njb]
   NP    Nupe: Nigeria (0.8m)                                                [nup]
   NTK   Natakani / Netakani / Varhadi-Nagpuri: India-Maharashtra,M.Pr. (7m) [vah]
   NU    Nuer: Sudan (0.8m), Ethiopia (0.2m)                                 [nus]
   NUN   Nung: Vietnam (1m)                                                  [nut]
   NW    Newar/Newari: Nepal (0.8m)                                          [new]
   NY    Nyanja: see CW-Chichewa which is the same
   OG    Ogan: Indonesia-Sumatera (less than 0.5m)                           [pse]
   OH    Otjiherero service in Namibia (Languages: Herero, SeTswana)
   OO    Oromo: Ethiopia (26m)                                               [orm]
   OR    Odia / Oriya / Orissa: India-Odisha,Chhattisgarh (32m)              [ory]
   OS    Ossetic: Russia (0.5m), Georgia (0.1m)                              [oss]
   OW    Oshiwambo service in Angola and Namibia (Languages: Ovambo, Kwanyama)
   P     Portuguese: Brazil (187m), Angola (14m), Portugal (10m)             [por]
   PAL   Palaung - Pale: Myanmar (0.3m)                                      [pce]
   PAS   Pasemah: Indonesia-Sumatera (less than 0.5m)                        [pse]
   PED   Pedi: S Africa (4m)                                                 [nso]
   PJ    Punjabi: Pakistan (60m), India-Punjab,Rajasthan (28m)           [pnb,pan]
   PO    Polish: Poland (37m)                                                [pol]
   POR   Po: Myanmar-Rakhine (identical to K-W?)
   POT   Pothwari: Pakistan (2.5m)                                           [phr]
   PS    Pashto / Pushtu: Afghanistan (6m), Pakistan (1m)                    [pbt]
   PU    Pulaar: Senegal (3m), Gambia (0.3m)                                 [fuc]
   Q     Quechua: Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador (various varieties; 9m)         [que,qvi]
   QQ    Qashqai: Iran (1.5m)                                                [qxq]
   R     Russian: Russia (137m), Ukraine (8m), Kazakhstan (6m), Belarus (1m) [rus]
   RAD   Rade/Ede: Vietnam (0.2m)                                            [rad]
   RAJ   Rajasthani: common lingua franca in Rajasthan (18m)                 [raj]
   REN   Rengao: Vietnam (18,000)                                            [ren]
   RGM   Rengma Naga: India-Nagaland (34,000)                            [nre,nnl]
   RO    Romanian: Romania (20m), Moldova (3m), Serbia-Vojvodina (0.2m)      [ron]
   ROG   Roglai (Northern, Southern): Vietnam (0.1m)                     [rog,rgs]
   ROH   Rohingya (rjj): Myanmar-Rakhine (2m)                                [rhg]
   RON   Rongmei Naga: India-Manipur,Nagaland,Assam (60,000)                 [nbu]
   Ros   Rosary session of Vatican Radio
   RU    Rusyn / Ruthenian: Ukraine (0.5m), Serbia-Vojvodina (30,000)        [rue]
   RWG   Rawang: Myanmar-Kachin (60,000)                                     [raw]
   S     Spanish/Castellano: Spain (30m), Latin America (336m), USA (34m)    [spa]
   SAH   Saho: Eritrea (0.2m)                                                [ssy]
   SAN   Sango: Central African Rep. (0.4m)                                  [sag]
   SAR   Sara/Sar: Chad (0.2m)                                               [mwm]
   SAS   Sasak: Indonesia-Lombok (2m)                                        [sas]
   SC    Serbocroat (Yugoslav language up to national/linguistic separation) [hbs]
   SCA   Scandinavian languages (Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish)
   SD    Sindhi: Pakistan (19m), India (2m)                                  [snd]
   SED   Sedang: Vietnam (0.1m)                                              [sed]
   SEF   Sefardi/Judeo Spanish/Ladino: Israel (0.1m), Turkey (10,000)        [lad]
   SEN   Sena: Mocambique (1m)                                               [seh]
   SFO   Senoufo/Sénoufo-Syenara: Mali (0.15m)                               [shz]
   SGA   Shangaan/Tsonga: Mocambique (2m), South Africa (2m)                 [tso]
   SGM   Sara Gambai / Sara Ngambai: Chad (0.9m)                             [sba]
   SGO   Songo: Angola (50,000)                                              [nsx]
   SGT   Sangtam: India-Nagaland (84,000)                                    [nsa]
   SHA   Shan: Myanmar (3m)                                                  [shn]
   SHk   Shan-Khamti: Myanmar (8,000), India-Assam (5,000)                   [kht]
   SHC   Sharchogpa / Sarchopa / Tshangla: E Bhutan (0.14m)                  [tsj]
   SHE   Sheena/Shina: Pakistan (0.6m)                                   [scl,plk]
   SHK   Shiluk/Shilluk: South Sudan (0.2m)                                  [shk]
   SHO   Shona: Zimbabwe (11m)                                               [sna]
   SHP   Sherpa: Nepal (0.1m)                                                [xsr]
   SHU   Shuwa Arabic: Chad (1m), Nigeria (0.1m), N Cameroon (0.1m)          [shu]
   SI    Sinhalese/Sinhala: Sri Lanka (16m)                                  [sin]
   SID   Sidamo/Sidama: Ethiopia (3m)                                        [sid]
   SIK   Sikkimese/Bhutia: India-Sikkim,W.Bengal (70,000)                    [sip]
   SIR   Siraiki/Seraiki: Pakistan (14m)                                     [skr]
   SK    Slovak: Slovakia (5m), Czech Republic (0.2m), Serbia (80,000)       [slk]
   SLM   Pijin/Solomon Islands Pidgin: Solomon Islands (0.3m)                [pis]
   SLT   Silte / East Gurage / xst: Ethiopia (1m)                            [stv]
   SM    Samoan: Samoa (0.2m), American Samoa (0.05m)                        [smo]
   SMP   Sambalpuri / Sambealpuri: India-Odisha,Chhattisgarh (18m)           [spv]
   SNK   Sanskrit: India (0.2m)                                              [san]
   SNT   Santhali: India-Bihar,Jharkhand,Odisha (6m), Bangladesh (0.2m)      [sat]
   SO    Somali: Somalia (8m), Ethiopia (5m), Kenya (2m), Djibouti (0.3m)    [som]
   SON   Songhai: Mali (0.6m)                                            [ses,khq]
   SOT   SeSotho: South Africa (4m), Lesotho (2m)                            [sot]
   SR    Serbian: Serbia (7m), Bosnia-Hercegovina (1.5m)                     [srp]
   SRA   Soura / Sora: India-Odisha,Andhra Pr. (0.3m)                        [srb]
   STI   Stieng: Vietnam (85,000)                                        [sti,stt]
   SUA   Shuar: Ecuador (35,000)                                             [jiv]
   SUD   Sudanese Arabic: Sudan and South Sudan (15m)                        [apd]
   SUM   Sumi Naga: India-Nagaland (0.1m)                                    [nsm]
   SUN   Sunda/Sundanese: Indonesia-West Java (34m)                          [sun]
   SUR   Surgujia: India-Chhattisgarh (1.5m)                                 [sgj]
   SUS   Sudan Service of IBRA, in SUD, BED, FUR, and TGR
   SV    Slovenian: Slovenia (1.7m), Italy (0.1m), Austria (18,000)          [slv]
   SWA   Swahili/Kisuaheli: Tanzania (15m), Kenya, Ea.DR Congo (9m)      [swc,swh]
   SWE   Swedish: Sweden (8m), Finland (0.3m)                                [swe]
   SWZ   SiSwati: Swaziland (1m), South Africa (1m)                          [ssw]
   T     Thai: Thailand (20m)                                                [tha]
   TAG   Tagalog: Philippines (22m)                                          [tgl]
   TAH   Tachelhit/Sous: Morocco, southern (4m), Algeria                     [shi]
   TAL   Talysh: Azerbaijan, Iran (1m)                                       [tly]
   TAM   Tamil: S.India (60m), Malaysia (4m), Sri Lanka (4m)                 [tam]
   TAU   Tausug: Philippines-Sulu, n.Borneo (1m)                             [tsg]
   TB    Tibetan / Lhasa Tibetan: Tibet (1m), India (0.1m)                   [bod]
   TBL   Tboli / T'boli / Tagabili: Philippines-Mindanao (0.1m)              [tbl]
   TBS   Tabasaran: Russia-Dagestan (0.1m)                                   [tab]
   TEL   Telugu: India-Andhra Pr. (74m)                                      [tel]
   TEM   Temme/Temne: Sierra Leone (1.5m)                                    [tem]
   TFT   Tarifit: Morocco, northern (1.3m), Algeria                          [rif]
   TGB   Tagabawa / Bagobo: Philippines-Mindanao (43,000)                    [bgs]
   TGK   Tangkhul/Tangkul Naga: India-Manipur,Nagaland (0.15m)               [nmf]
   TGR   Tigre/Tigré/Tigrawit: Eritrea (1m)                                  [tig]
   TGS   Tangsa/Naga-Tase: Myanmar (60,000), India-Arunachal Pr. (40,000)    [nst]
   THA   Tharu Buksa: India-Uttarakhand (43,000)                             [tkb]
   TIG   Tigrinya/Tigray: Ethiopia (4m), Eritrea (3m)                        [tir]
   TJ    Tajik: Tajikistan (3m), Uzbekistan (1m)                             [tgk]
   TK    Turkmen: Turkmenistan (3m), Iran (2m), Afghanistan (1.5m)           [tuk]
   TKL   Tagakaulo (dialect of Kalagan): Philippines-Mindanao (0.2m)     [kqe,klg]
   TL    Tai-Lu/Lu: China-Yunnan (0.3m), Myanmar (0.2m), Laos (0.1m)         [khb]
   TM    Tamazight: Morocco, central (3m)                                    [zgh]
   TMG   Tamang: Nepal (1.5m)                                    [taj,tdg,tmk,tsf]
   TMJ   Tamajeq: Niger (0.8m), Mali (0.44m), Algeria (40,000)   [taq,thv,thz,ttq]
   TN    Tai-Nua/Chinese Shan: China-Yunnan (0.5m), LAO/MYA/VTN (0.2m)       [tdd]
   TNG   Tonga: Zambia (1m), Zimbabwe (0.1m)                                 [toi]
   TO    Tongan: Tonga (0.1m)                                                [ton]
   TOK   Tokelau: Tokelau (1000)                                             [tkl]
   TOR   Torajanese/Toraja: Indonesia-Sulawesi (0.8m)                        [sda]
   TP    Tok Pisin: Papua New Guinea (4m)                                    [tpi]
   TS    Tswana / SeTswana: Botswana (1m), South Africa (3m)                 [tsn]
   TSA   Tsangla: see SHC
   TSH   Tshwa: Mocambique (1m)                                              [tsc]
   TT    Tatar: Russia-Tatarstan,Bashkortostan (5m)                          [tat]
   TTB   Tatar-Bashkir service of Radio Liberty
   TU    Turkish: Turkey (46m), Bulgaria (0.6m), N Cyprus (0.2m)             [tur]
   TUL   Tulu: India-Karnataka,Kerala (2m)                                   [tcy]
   TUM   Tumbuka: Malawi (2m), Zambia (0.5m)                                 [tum]
   TUN   Tunisian Arabic: Tunisia (9m)                                       [aeb]
   TUR   Turkana: NW Kenya (1m)                                              [tuv]
   TV    Tuva / Tuvinic: Russia-Tannu Tuva (0.25m)                           [tyv]
   TW    Taiwanese/Fujian/Hokkien/Min Nan (CHN 25m, TWN 15m, others 9m)      [nan]
   TWI   Twi/Akan: Ghana (8m)                                                [aka]
   TWT   Tachawit/Shawiya/Chaouia: Algeria (1.4m)                            [shy]
   TZ    Tamazight/Berber: Morocco (2m)                                  [zgh,tzm]
   UD    Udmurt: Russia-Udmurtia (0.3m)                                      [udm]
   UI    Uighur: China-Xinjiang (8m), Kazakhstan (0.3m)                      [uig]
   UK    Ukrainian: Ukraine (32m), Kazakhstan (0.9m), Moldova (0.6m)         [ukr]
   UM    Umbundu: Angola (6m)                                                [umb]
   UR    Urdu: Pakistan (104m), India (51m)                                  [urd]
   UZ    Uzbek: Uzbekistan (16m)                                             [uzn]
   V     Vasco / Basque / Euskera: Spain (0.6m), France (76,000)             [eus]
   VAD   Vadari / Waddar / Od: India-Andhra Pr. (0.2m)                       [wbq]
   VAR   Varli / Warli: India-Maharashtra (0.6m)                             [vav]
   Ves   Vespers (Vatican Radio)
   Vn    Vernacular = local language(s)
   VN    Vietnamese: Vietnam (66m)                                           [vie]
   VV    Vasavi: India-Maharashtra,Gujarat (1m)                              [vas]
   VX    Vlax Romani / Romanes / Gypsy: Romania (0.2m), Russia (0.1m)        [rmy]
   W     Wolof: Senegal (4m)                                                 [wol]
   WA    Wa / Parauk: South China (0.4m), Myanmar (0.4m)                     [prk]
   WAO   Waodani/Waorani: Ecuador (2000)                                     [auc]
   WE    Wenzhou: dialect of WU
   WT    White Tai / Tai Don: Vietnam (0.3m), Laos (0.2m)                    [twh]
   WU    Wu: China-Jiangsu,Zhejiang (80m)                                    [wuu]
   XH    Xhosa: South Africa (8m)                                            [xho]
   YAO   Yao/Yawo: Malawi (2m), Mocambique (0.5m), Tanzania (0.4m)           [yao]
   YER   Yerukula: India-Andhra Pr. (70,000)                                 [yeu]
   YI    Yi / Nosu: China-Sichuan (2m)                                       [iii]
   YK    Yakutian / Sakha: Russia-Sakha (0.5m)                               [sah]
   YO    Yoruba: Nigeria (20m), Benin (0.5m)                                 [yor]
   YOL   Yolngu/Yuulngu: Australia-Northern Territory (4000)                 [djr]
   YUN   Dialects/languages of Yunnan (China)
   YZ    Yezidi program (Kurdish-Kurmanji language)
   Z     Zulu: South Africa (10m), Lesotho (0.3m)                            [zul]
   ZA    Zarma/Zama: Niger (2m)                                              [dje]
   ZD    Zande: DR Congo (0.7m), South Sudan (0.35m)                         [zne]
   ZG    Zaghawa: Chad (87,000), Sudan (75,000)                              [zag]
   ZH    Zhuang: Southern China, 16 varieties (15m)                          [zha]
   ZWE   Languages of Zimbabwe