HFUnderground - User contributions [en]

Main Page

2019-11-17T17:27:56Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

Welcome to HFUnderground.com, aka the HFU. This site is dedicated to documenting longwave, mediumwave, and shortwave stations, including broadcasters, utility/military stations, pirate radio and spy numbers stations.

'''Be sure to visit the [http://www.hfunderground.com/board/ HF Underground Message Board] for the latest reception reports and news about pirate and other shortwave radio stations.
'''

Everyone who is a radio enthusiast is encouraged to add information to the site. Just become a registered user, and you can start to contribute!

*[[Spy Numbers Stations]]
*[[Soviet/Russian Strategic Communication/Warfare Units]]
*[[Cuban Intelligence Radio Stations/Operations]]
*[[Pescadores]]
*[[Radio Hobby Related Software]]
*[[Amateur radio|Amateur (ham) radio]]
*[[DXing]]
*[[Pirate radio stations]]
*[[List of Pirate Radio Frequencies|Pirate radio frequencies]]
*[[Pirate radio station email addresses]]
*[[Pirate QSL Collection]]
*[[Pirate Radio New Listener Guide and FAQ]]
*[[:Category:People]]
*[[Signal Identification]]
*[[Shortwave Broadcast Stations]]
*[[Shortwave jammers]]
*[[Shortwave Utility Stations]]
*[[Fixed/Mobile_bands|Fixed/Mobile MF/HF Allocations]]
*[[HF_airband|MF/HF Aircraft Bands Aeronautical Radio]]
*[[MWARA|Major World Air Route Area (MWARA) Frequencies]]
*[[Mediumwave Broadcast Stations]]
*[[Mediumwave Utility Stations]]
*[[Longwave Broadcast Stations]]
*[[Longwave Utility Stations]]
*[[HF_marine|MF/HF Marine Radio]]
*[[Maritime Weather Transmissions|MF/HF maritime weather transmissions]]
*[[Maritime Fax Transmissions|MF/HF maritime fax transmissions]]
*[[VHF / UHF Radio]]
*[[Business Radio|Business Radio Service]]
*[[CB|CB radio, Freebanding]] and the [[11_meter|11 meter band]]
*[[Community Audio Distribution Service|Community Audio Distribution Service (CADS) and Wireless Public Address System (WPAS) (27 MHz Church Radio)]]
*[[Remote Control]]
*[[HF_pagers|26-28 MHz Data Link Networks and Pagers]]
*[[Miscellaneous]]
*[[RTL-SDR]]
*[[Technical Topics]]
*[[NIST_Digital_Archives|NIST Digital Archives]]
*[[Part_15_Beacons|Part 15 Beacons]]
*[[High Frequency Beacon]]
*Radio Related [[Blogs]]
*[[KiwiSDR]]
*[[LORAN]]

'''[[:Category:Main topics]]''':Top level category of articles and images.

[http://www.hfunderground.com/wiki/Special:Recentchanges?feed=rss Recent Changes RSS Feed]

[http://www.hfunderground.com/wiki/Special:Newpages?feed=rss New Pages RSS Feed]

== Internet Relay Chat ==

Many pirate and other radio enthusiasts hang out on the #PirateRadio and #WUNClub IRC (Internet Relay Chat) channels on the StarChat network.
This is a place where you can chat with fellow listeners, as well as share monitoring catches in real time.

Joining the chat is fairly easy. You can use the online chat below until you get an IRC client.
The Java chat requires a browser with Java enabled.

[http://www.starchat.net/chat/?chan=PirateRadio Click here to be taken to the #PirateRadio chat]

[http://www.starchat.net/chat/?chan=WUNClub Click here to be taken to the #WUNClub chat]

[http://www.starchat.net/chat/?chan=mid-atlantic-scan Click here to be taken to the #mid-atlantic-scan chat] (Mid Atlantic VHF/UHF Radio Scanning)

Soviet Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units

2019-10-23T21:25:47Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

This is a list of surface-to-air (SAM) missile systems and radar units used by the Soviet Union.

(Note: This list includes only long-range surface to air missiles used in strategic purposes. Tactical-based missiles are excluded)

== Strategic Missile Defense Systems ==
[[Peter Grushin]]

[[V-400 Dal/SA-5 Griffon]]

[[S-400 Triumf/SA-21 Growler]]

[[V-1000/Griffon]]

[[A-35 Aldan]]

[[ABM-1 Galosh]]

== Strategic Radar Systems ==
[[Duga Radar (Russian Woodpecker)]]

[[Dnetsr Radar]]

[[Daryal Radar]]

(Note: All sources have come from Encyclopedia Astronautica, Wikipedia, Federation of American Scientists, several military websites, and declassified CIA documents)

Dnetsr Radar

2019-10-22T14:09:44Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[Image:Dnetsr.jpeg|thumb|right|A Department of Defense artist's impression of the Dnetsr radar array]]

Dnestr radar (Russian: Днестр) and Dnepr radar (Russian: Днепр), both known by the NATO reporting name Hen House are the first generation of Soviet space surveillance and early warning radars. Six radars of this type were built around the periphery of the Soviet Union starting in the 1960s to provide ballistic missile warnings for attacks from different directions. They were the primary Soviet early warning radars for much of the later Cold War. In common with other Soviet and Russian early warning radars they are named after rivers, the Dnestr and the Dnepr.

The Dnestr/Dnepr radars were intended to be replaced by the newer Daryal radars starting in the 1990s. Only two of the planned Daryal radars became operational, due to issues such as the dissolution of the Soviet Union. As of 2012, the Russian early warning network still consists of some radars of this vintage. It is likely that all the existing radars will be replaced by the third generation Voronezh radars by 2020.

== History ==

The Dnestr radar came from work on ballistic missile defence undertaken in the late 1950s and early 1960s. System A, the prototype for the [[A-35 Aldan]] anti-ballistic missile system, was set up in the Sary Shagan testing grounds, in the Kazakh SSR. Work on the system was led by design bureau KB-1 which proposed using VHF radar RTN (Russian: РТН) and the Dunay-2 UHF radar. Other alternatives were sought from Soviet industry and RTI proposed using VHF radar TsSO-P (Russian: ЦСО-П) and UHF radar TsSS-30 (Russian: ЦСС-30).

TsSO-P (standing for Russian: центральная станция обнаружения – полигонная meaning central detection station – test site) was selected for further development, together with the Dunay-2. TsSO-P had a long horn antenna 250 metres (820 ft) long and 15 metres (49 ft) high. It had an array with an open ribbed structure and used 200 microseconds pulses. Hardware methods were designed for signal processing as the intended M-4 computer could not run. It was built at area 8 in Sary Shagan and was located at 46°00′04.65″N 73°38′52.11″E. It first detected an object on 17 September 1961.

TsSO-P took part in the 1961 and 1962 Soviet Project K nuclear tests above the Sary Shagan range to examine the effects of high altitude nuclear explosions on missile defence hardware.

== Dnetsr ==

TsSO-P was effective at satellite tracking and was chosen as the radar of the Istrebitel Sputnik (IS) anti-satellite programme. This programme involved the construction of two sites separated in latitude to form a radar field 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) long and 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) high. The two sites chosen were at the village of Mishelevka near Irkutsk in Siberia, which was called OS-1, and at Cape Gulshad on Lake Balkhash near Sary Shagan, which was called OS-2. Each site received four Dnestr radar systems in a fan arrangement.

A Dnestr radar was composed of two TsSO-P radar wings joined together by a two-story building containing a joint computer system and command post. Each radar wing covered a 30-degree sector with a 0.5 degree scanning beam. The elevation scanning pattern was a 'spade' with a width of 20 degrees. The radar systems were arranged to create a fan shaped barrier. Of the four radars, called cells (Russian: РЛЯ, tr. RLYa roughly radio location cell), two faced to the west and two faced to the east. All scanned between +10 degrees and +90 degrees in elevation.

Construction at the two sites started between 1962 and 1963 with improvements in the TsSO-P test model being fed back into the deployed units. They gained an M-4 2-M computer with semiconductors, although the rest of the radar used Vacuum tubes. The radar systems were completed in late 1966 with the fourth Dnestr at Balkhash being used for testing. In 1968 the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik target satellite, DS-P1-Yu, was used to test the ability of the system.

The Dnestr radars were accepted for service by the Soviet Air Defence Forces in April 1967 and became part of the space surveillance network SKKP.

== Dnestr-M ==

Parallel with the implementation of the Dnestr space surveillance units, a modified version of the original Dnestr units, Dnestr-M radar, was being developed to act as an early warning radar to identify attacks by ballistic missiles. The first two were built at Murmansk in northern Russia (Olenegorsk – RO-1) and near Riga in the then Latvian SSR (Skrunda – RO-2). They constituted the beginning of the Soviet SPRN network, the equivalent of the NATO BMEWS.

The first Dnestr-M at Olenegorsk was completed by 1968. In 1970, the radars at Olenegorsk and Skrunda, and an associated command centre at Solnechnogorsk, were accepted for service. According to Podvig (2002), it seems they were positioned to identify missile launches from NATO submarines in the Norwegian and North Seas

The Dnestr-M included many improvements over the previous versions such as an increase in the pulse length from 200μs to 800μs which increased the range of objects identified, more semiconductors, and many other scanning and processing changes.

A version of this radar was built at the Sary Shagan test site and was called TsSO-PM (Russian: ЦСО-ПМ). After this had completed tests in 1965 it was decided to upgrade nodes 1 and 2 of the two OS sites to Dnestr-M, keeping nodes 3 and 4 as Dnestr. These radars remained as space surveillance radars which scanned between +10 and +90 degrees, comparative to scanning between +10 and +30 degrees for the missile warning radars. A space surveillance network of four Dnestrs and four Dnestr-Ms, and two command posts was formally commissioned in 1971.

== Dnepr ==

Work to improve the radar continued. An improved array was designed which covered 60 degrees rather than 30. The first Dnepr radar was built at Balkhash as a new radar, cell 5. It entered service on 12 May 1974. The second was a new early warning station at Sevastopol. New Dneprs were also built at Mishelevka and another at Skrunda, and then one at Mukachevo. The remaining radars were all converted to Dnepr with the exception of cells 3 and 4 at Balkhash and Mishelevka which remained space surveillance radars.

All current operational radars are described as Dnepr, and have been updated incrementally.

== Technical details ==

Each Dnepr array is a double sectoral horn antenna 250m long by 12 m wide. It has two rows of slot radiators within two waveguides. At each end of the two arrays, there is a set of transmitting and receiving equipment. It emits a signal covering a sector 30 degrees in azimuth and 30 degrees in elevation, with the scanning controlled by frequency. Four sets mean the radar covers 120 degrees in azimuth and 30 degrees in elevation (5 to 35 degrees).

The Dnepr involved the horn antenna being reduced from 20 to 14 metres in height and the addition of a polarising filter.

== Current Status ==

These radars have been installed at six different radar stations and as of 2012 are operational at three – Balkhash, Mishelevka and Olenegorsk. The 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty required that early warning radars were located on the periphery of national territory and faced outwards. This caused problems when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 as many of the radar stations were now in newly independent states. The first station to close was Skrunda, in newly independent Latvia. A 1994 agreement between Russia and Latvia agreed that the two Dnepr radars there would stop working in 1998, and would be fully demolished by 2000.

Russia signed an agreement with Ukraine in 1992 allowing it to continue using the Dnepr radars at Sevastopol and Mukachevo. The stations were run by Ukrainian personnel and data was sent to the headquarters of the Russian early warning system in Solnechnogorsk. In 2008 Russia announced that it was pulling out of the agreement with Ukraine and that the last data given to Russia from the stations would be in 2009. The Ukrainian government announced that the stations were to be used part-time for space surveillance.

The station in Balkhash in Kazakhstan remains the only Dnepr operational outside Russia. It has been modernised and is run by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.

The remaining stations in Russia are due to be replaced by the Voronezh radar. The Dneprs in Mishelevka, Irkutsk will close once the second array of the new Voronezh radar is operational. The Dnepr at Olenegorsk, Murmansk will be replaced by a Voronezh as well. It is planned to start construction there in 2017.

== See also ==
[[Duga Radar (Russian Woodpecker)]]

[[UVB-76 (The Buzzer)]]

[[Daryal Radar]]

== Credits ==

(Images and some text courtesy of Wikipedia)

Dnetsr Radar

2019-10-22T14:08:59Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[Image:Dnetsr.jpeg|thumb|right|A Department of Defense artist's impression of the Dnetsr radar array]]

Dnestr radar (Russian: Днестр) and Dnepr radar (Russian: Днепр), both known by the NATO reporting name Hen House are the first generation of Soviet space surveillance and early warning radars. Six radars of this type were built around the periphery of the Soviet Union starting in the 1960s to provide ballistic missile warnings for attacks from different directions. They were the primary Soviet early warning radars for much of the later Cold War. In common with other Soviet and Russian early warning radars they are named after rivers, the Dnestr and the Dnepr.

The Dnestr/Dnepr radars were intended to be replaced by the newer Daryal radars starting in the 1990s. Only two of the planned Daryal radars became operational, due to issues such as the dissolution of the Soviet Union. As of 2012, the Russian early warning network still consists of some radars of this vintage. It is likely that all the existing radars will be replaced by the third generation Voronezh radars by 2020.

== History ==

The Dnestr radar came from work on ballistic missile defence undertaken in the late 1950s and early 1960s. System A, the prototype for the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system, was set up in the Sary Shagan testing grounds, in the Kazakh SSR. Work on the system was led by design bureau KB-1 which proposed using VHF radar RTN (Russian: РТН) and the Dunay-2 UHF radar. Other alternatives were sought from Soviet industry and RTI proposed using VHF radar TsSO-P (Russian: ЦСО-П) and UHF radar TsSS-30 (Russian: ЦСС-30).

TsSO-P (standing for Russian: центральная станция обнаружения – полигонная meaning central detection station – test site) was selected for further development, together with the Dunay-2. TsSO-P had a long horn antenna 250 metres (820 ft) long and 15 metres (49 ft) high. It had an array with an open ribbed structure and used 200 microseconds pulses. Hardware methods were designed for signal processing as the intended M-4 computer could not run. It was built at area 8 in Sary Shagan and was located at 46°00′04.65″N 73°38′52.11″E. It first detected an object on 17 September 1961.

TsSO-P took part in the 1961 and 1962 Soviet Project K nuclear tests above the Sary Shagan range to examine the effects of high altitude nuclear explosions on missile defence hardware.

== Dnetsr ==

TsSO-P was effective at satellite tracking and was chosen as the radar of the Istrebitel Sputnik (IS) anti-satellite programme. This programme involved the construction of two sites separated in latitude to form a radar field 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) long and 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) high. The two sites chosen were at the village of Mishelevka near Irkutsk in Siberia, which was called OS-1, and at Cape Gulshad on Lake Balkhash near Sary Shagan, which was called OS-2. Each site received four Dnestr radar systems in a fan arrangement.

A Dnestr radar was composed of two TsSO-P radar wings joined together by a two-story building containing a joint computer system and command post. Each radar wing covered a 30-degree sector with a 0.5 degree scanning beam. The elevation scanning pattern was a 'spade' with a width of 20 degrees. The radar systems were arranged to create a fan shaped barrier. Of the four radars, called cells (Russian: РЛЯ, tr. RLYa roughly radio location cell), two faced to the west and two faced to the east. All scanned between +10 degrees and +90 degrees in elevation.

Construction at the two sites started between 1962 and 1963 with improvements in the TsSO-P test model being fed back into the deployed units. They gained an M-4 2-M computer with semiconductors, although the rest of the radar used Vacuum tubes. The radar systems were completed in late 1966 with the fourth Dnestr at Balkhash being used for testing. In 1968 the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik target satellite, DS-P1-Yu, was used to test the ability of the system.

The Dnestr radars were accepted for service by the Soviet Air Defence Forces in April 1967 and became part of the space surveillance network SKKP.

== Dnestr-M ==

Parallel with the implementation of the Dnestr space surveillance units, a modified version of the original Dnestr units, Dnestr-M radar, was being developed to act as an early warning radar to identify attacks by ballistic missiles. The first two were built at Murmansk in northern Russia (Olenegorsk – RO-1) and near Riga in the then Latvian SSR (Skrunda – RO-2). They constituted the beginning of the Soviet SPRN network, the equivalent of the NATO BMEWS.

The first Dnestr-M at Olenegorsk was completed by 1968. In 1970, the radars at Olenegorsk and Skrunda, and an associated command centre at Solnechnogorsk, were accepted for service. According to Podvig (2002), it seems they were positioned to identify missile launches from NATO submarines in the Norwegian and North Seas

The Dnestr-M included many improvements over the previous versions such as an increase in the pulse length from 200μs to 800μs which increased the range of objects identified, more semiconductors, and many other scanning and processing changes.

A version of this radar was built at the Sary Shagan test site and was called TsSO-PM (Russian: ЦСО-ПМ). After this had completed tests in 1965 it was decided to upgrade nodes 1 and 2 of the two OS sites to Dnestr-M, keeping nodes 3 and 4 as Dnestr. These radars remained as space surveillance radars which scanned between +10 and +90 degrees, comparative to scanning between +10 and +30 degrees for the missile warning radars. A space surveillance network of four Dnestrs and four Dnestr-Ms, and two command posts was formally commissioned in 1971.

== Dnepr ==

Work to improve the radar continued. An improved array was designed which covered 60 degrees rather than 30. The first Dnepr radar was built at Balkhash as a new radar, cell 5. It entered service on 12 May 1974. The second was a new early warning station at Sevastopol. New Dneprs were also built at Mishelevka and another at Skrunda, and then one at Mukachevo. The remaining radars were all converted to Dnepr with the exception of cells 3 and 4 at Balkhash and Mishelevka which remained space surveillance radars.

All current operational radars are described as Dnepr, and have been updated incrementally.

== Technical details ==

Each Dnepr array is a double sectoral horn antenna 250m long by 12 m wide. It has two rows of slot radiators within two waveguides. At each end of the two arrays, there is a set of transmitting and receiving equipment. It emits a signal covering a sector 30 degrees in azimuth and 30 degrees in elevation, with the scanning controlled by frequency. Four sets mean the radar covers 120 degrees in azimuth and 30 degrees in elevation (5 to 35 degrees).

The Dnepr involved the horn antenna being reduced from 20 to 14 metres in height and the addition of a polarising filter.

== Current Status ==

These radars have been installed at six different radar stations and as of 2012 are operational at three – Balkhash, Mishelevka and Olenegorsk. The 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty required that early warning radars were located on the periphery of national territory and faced outwards. This caused problems when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 as many of the radar stations were now in newly independent states. The first station to close was Skrunda, in newly independent Latvia. A 1994 agreement between Russia and Latvia agreed that the two Dnepr radars there would stop working in 1998, and would be fully demolished by 2000.

Russia signed an agreement with Ukraine in 1992 allowing it to continue using the Dnepr radars at Sevastopol and Mukachevo. The stations were run by Ukrainian personnel and data was sent to the headquarters of the Russian early warning system in Solnechnogorsk. In 2008 Russia announced that it was pulling out of the agreement with Ukraine and that the last data given to Russia from the stations would be in 2009. The Ukrainian government announced that the stations were to be used part-time for space surveillance.

The station in Balkhash in Kazakhstan remains the only Dnepr operational outside Russia. It has been modernised and is run by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.

The remaining stations in Russia are due to be replaced by the Voronezh radar. The Dneprs in Mishelevka, Irkutsk will close once the second array of the new Voronezh radar is operational. The Dnepr at Olenegorsk, Murmansk will be replaced by a Voronezh as well. It is planned to start construction there in 2017.

== See also ==
[[Duga Radar (Russian Woodpecker)]]

[[UVB-76 (The Buzzer)]]

[[Daryal Radar]]

== Credits ==

(Images and some text courtesy of Wikipedia)

Dnetsr Radar

2019-10-22T14:08:23Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[Image:Dnetsr.jpeg|thumb|right|A Department of Defense artist's impression of the Dnetsr radar array]]

Dnestr radar (Russian: Днестр) and Dnepr radar (Russian: Днепр), both known by the NATO reporting name Hen House[note 1] are the first generation of Soviet space surveillance and early warning radars. Six radars of this type were built around the periphery of the Soviet Union starting in the 1960s to provide ballistic missile warnings for attacks from different directions. They were the primary Soviet early warning radars for much of the later Cold War. In common with other Soviet and Russian early warning radars they are named after rivers, the Dnestr and the Dnepr.[note 2]

The Dnestr/Dnepr radars were intended to be replaced by the newer Daryal radars starting in the 1990s. Only two of the planned Daryal radars became operational, due to issues such as the dissolution of the Soviet Union. As of 2012, the Russian early warning network still consists of some radars of this vintage. It is likely that all the existing radars will be replaced by the third generation Voronezh radars by 2020.

== History ==

The Dnestr radar came from work on ballistic missile defence undertaken in the late 1950s and early 1960s. System A, the prototype for the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system, was set up in the Sary Shagan testing grounds, in the Kazakh SSR. Work on the system was led by design bureau KB-1 which proposed using VHF radar RTN (Russian: РТН) and the Dunay-2 UHF radar. Other alternatives were sought from Soviet industry and RTI proposed using VHF radar TsSO-P (Russian: ЦСО-П) and UHF radar TsSS-30 (Russian: ЦСС-30).

TsSO-P (standing for Russian: центральная станция обнаружения – полигонная meaning central detection station – test site) was selected for further development, together with the Dunay-2. TsSO-P had a long horn antenna 250 metres (820 ft) long and 15 metres (49 ft) high. It had an array with an open ribbed structure and used 200 microseconds pulses. Hardware methods were designed for signal processing as the intended M-4 computer could not run. It was built at area 8 in Sary Shagan and was located at 46°00′04.65″N 73°38′52.11″E. It first detected an object on 17 September 1961.

TsSO-P took part in the 1961 and 1962 Soviet Project K nuclear tests above the Sary Shagan range to examine the effects of high altitude nuclear explosions on missile defence hardware.

== Dnetsr ==

TsSO-P was effective at satellite tracking and was chosen as the radar of the Istrebitel Sputnik (IS) anti-satellite programme. This programme involved the construction of two sites separated in latitude to form a radar field 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) long and 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) high. The two sites chosen were at the village of Mishelevka near Irkutsk in Siberia, which was called OS-1, and at Cape Gulshad on Lake Balkhash near Sary Shagan, which was called OS-2. Each site received four Dnestr radar systems in a fan arrangement.

A Dnestr radar was composed of two TsSO-P radar wings joined together by a two-story building containing a joint computer system and command post. Each radar wing covered a 30-degree sector with a 0.5 degree scanning beam. The elevation scanning pattern was a 'spade' with a width of 20 degrees. The radar systems were arranged to create a fan shaped barrier. Of the four radars, called cells (Russian: РЛЯ, tr. RLYa roughly radio location cell), two faced to the west and two faced to the east. All scanned between +10 degrees and +90 degrees in elevation.

Construction at the two sites started between 1962 and 1963 with improvements in the TsSO-P test model being fed back into the deployed units. They gained an M-4 2-M computer with semiconductors, although the rest of the radar used Vacuum tubes. The radar systems were completed in late 1966 with the fourth Dnestr at Balkhash being used for testing. In 1968 the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik target satellite, DS-P1-Yu, was used to test the ability of the system.

The Dnestr radars were accepted for service by the Soviet Air Defence Forces in April 1967 and became part of the space surveillance network SKKP.

== Dnestr-M ==

Parallel with the implementation of the Dnestr space surveillance units, a modified version of the original Dnestr units, Dnestr-M radar, was being developed to act as an early warning radar to identify attacks by ballistic missiles. The first two were built at Murmansk in northern Russia (Olenegorsk – RO-1) and near Riga in the then Latvian SSR (Skrunda – RO-2). They constituted the beginning of the Soviet SPRN network, the equivalent of the NATO BMEWS.

The first Dnestr-M at Olenegorsk was completed by 1968. In 1970, the radars at Olenegorsk and Skrunda, and an associated command centre at Solnechnogorsk, were accepted for service. According to Podvig (2002), it seems they were positioned to identify missile launches from NATO submarines in the Norwegian and North Seas

The Dnestr-M included many improvements over the previous versions such as an increase in the pulse length from 200μs to 800μs which increased the range of objects identified, more semiconductors, and many other scanning and processing changes.

A version of this radar was built at the Sary Shagan test site and was called TsSO-PM (Russian: ЦСО-ПМ). After this had completed tests in 1965 it was decided to upgrade nodes 1 and 2 of the two OS sites to Dnestr-M, keeping nodes 3 and 4 as Dnestr. These radars remained as space surveillance radars which scanned between +10 and +90 degrees, comparative to scanning between +10 and +30 degrees for the missile warning radars. A space surveillance network of four Dnestrs and four Dnestr-Ms, and two command posts was formally commissioned in 1971.

== Dnepr ==

Work to improve the radar continued. An improved array was designed which covered 60 degrees rather than 30. The first Dnepr radar was built at Balkhash as a new radar, cell 5. It entered service on 12 May 1974. The second was a new early warning station at Sevastopol. New Dneprs were also built at Mishelevka and another at Skrunda, and then one at Mukachevo. The remaining radars were all converted to Dnepr with the exception of cells 3 and 4 at Balkhash and Mishelevka which remained space surveillance radars.

All current operational radars are described as Dnepr, and have been updated incrementally.

== Technical details ==

Each Dnepr array is a double sectoral horn antenna 250m long by 12 m wide. It has two rows of slot radiators within two waveguides. At each end of the two arrays, there is a set of transmitting and receiving equipment. It emits a signal covering a sector 30 degrees in azimuth and 30 degrees in elevation, with the scanning controlled by frequency. Four sets mean the radar covers 120 degrees in azimuth and 30 degrees in elevation (5 to 35 degrees).

The Dnepr involved the horn antenna being reduced from 20 to 14 metres in height and the addition of a polarising filter.

== Current Status ==

These radars have been installed at six different radar stations and as of 2012 are operational at three – Balkhash, Mishelevka and Olenegorsk. The 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty required that early warning radars were located on the periphery of national territory and faced outwards. This caused problems when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 as many of the radar stations were now in newly independent states. The first station to close was Skrunda, in newly independent Latvia. A 1994 agreement between Russia and Latvia agreed that the two Dnepr radars there would stop working in 1998, and would be fully demolished by 2000.

Russia signed an agreement with Ukraine in 1992 allowing it to continue using the Dnepr radars at Sevastopol and Mukachevo. The stations were run by Ukrainian personnel and data was sent to the headquarters of the Russian early warning system in Solnechnogorsk. In 2008 Russia announced that it was pulling out of the agreement with Ukraine and that the last data given to Russia from the stations would be in 2009. The Ukrainian government announced that the stations were to be used part-time for space surveillance.

The station in Balkhash in Kazakhstan remains the only Dnepr operational outside Russia. It has been modernised and is run by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.

The remaining stations in Russia are due to be replaced by the Voronezh radar. The Dneprs in Mishelevka, Irkutsk will close once the second array of the new Voronezh radar is operational. The Dnepr at Olenegorsk, Murmansk will be replaced by a Voronezh as well. It is planned to start construction there in 2017.

== See also ==
[[Duga Radar (The Russian Woodpecker)]]

[[UVB-76 (The Buzzer)]]

[[Daryal Radar]]

== Credits ==

(Images and some text courtesy of Wikipedia)

Dnetsr Radar

2019-10-22T14:06:48Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[Image:Dnestr.jpeg|thumb|right|A Department of Defense artist's impression of the Dnetsr radar array]]

Dnestr radar (Russian: Днестр) and Dnepr radar (Russian: Днепр), both known by the NATO reporting name Hen House[note 1] are the first generation of Soviet space surveillance and early warning radars. Six radars of this type were built around the periphery of the Soviet Union starting in the 1960s to provide ballistic missile warnings for attacks from different directions. They were the primary Soviet early warning radars for much of the later Cold War. In common with other Soviet and Russian early warning radars they are named after rivers, the Dnestr and the Dnepr.[note 2]

The Dnestr/Dnepr radars were intended to be replaced by the newer Daryal radars starting in the 1990s. Only two of the planned Daryal radars became operational, due to issues such as the dissolution of the Soviet Union. As of 2012, the Russian early warning network still consists of some radars of this vintage. It is likely that all the existing radars will be replaced by the third generation Voronezh radars by 2020.

== History ==

The Dnestr radar came from work on ballistic missile defence undertaken in the late 1950s and early 1960s. System A, the prototype for the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system, was set up in the Sary Shagan testing grounds, in the Kazakh SSR. Work on the system was led by design bureau KB-1 which proposed using VHF radar RTN (Russian: РТН) and the Dunay-2 UHF radar. Other alternatives were sought from Soviet industry and RTI proposed using VHF radar TsSO-P (Russian: ЦСО-П) and UHF radar TsSS-30 (Russian: ЦСС-30).

TsSO-P (standing for Russian: центральная станция обнаружения – полигонная meaning central detection station – test site) was selected for further development, together with the Dunay-2. TsSO-P had a long horn antenna 250 metres (820 ft) long and 15 metres (49 ft) high. It had an array with an open ribbed structure and used 200 microseconds pulses. Hardware methods were designed for signal processing as the intended M-4 computer could not run. It was built at area 8 in Sary Shagan and was located at 46°00′04.65″N 73°38′52.11″E. It first detected an object on 17 September 1961.

TsSO-P took part in the 1961 and 1962 Soviet Project K nuclear tests above the Sary Shagan range to examine the effects of high altitude nuclear explosions on missile defence hardware.

== Dnetsr ==

TsSO-P was effective at satellite tracking and was chosen as the radar of the Istrebitel Sputnik (IS) anti-satellite programme. This programme involved the construction of two sites separated in latitude to form a radar field 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) long and 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) high. The two sites chosen were at the village of Mishelevka near Irkutsk in Siberia, which was called OS-1, and at Cape Gulshad on Lake Balkhash near Sary Shagan, which was called OS-2. Each site received four Dnestr radar systems in a fan arrangement.

A Dnestr radar was composed of two TsSO-P radar wings joined together by a two-story building containing a joint computer system and command post. Each radar wing covered a 30-degree sector with a 0.5 degree scanning beam. The elevation scanning pattern was a 'spade' with a width of 20 degrees. The radar systems were arranged to create a fan shaped barrier. Of the four radars, called cells (Russian: РЛЯ, tr. RLYa roughly radio location cell), two faced to the west and two faced to the east. All scanned between +10 degrees and +90 degrees in elevation.

Construction at the two sites started between 1962 and 1963 with improvements in the TsSO-P test model being fed back into the deployed units. They gained an M-4 2-M computer with semiconductors, although the rest of the radar used Vacuum tubes. The radar systems were completed in late 1966 with the fourth Dnestr at Balkhash being used for testing. In 1968 the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik target satellite, DS-P1-Yu, was used to test the ability of the system.

The Dnestr radars were accepted for service by the Soviet Air Defence Forces in April 1967 and became part of the space surveillance network SKKP.

== Dnestr-M ==

Parallel with the implementation of the Dnestr space surveillance units, a modified version of the original Dnestr units, Dnestr-M radar, was being developed to act as an early warning radar to identify attacks by ballistic missiles. The first two were built at Murmansk in northern Russia (Olenegorsk – RO-1) and near Riga in the then Latvian SSR (Skrunda – RO-2). They constituted the beginning of the Soviet SPRN network, the equivalent of the NATO BMEWS.

The first Dnestr-M at Olenegorsk was completed by 1968. In 1970, the radars at Olenegorsk and Skrunda, and an associated command centre at Solnechnogorsk, were accepted for service. According to Podvig (2002), it seems they were positioned to identify missile launches from NATO submarines in the Norwegian and North Seas

The Dnestr-M included many improvements over the previous versions such as an increase in the pulse length from 200μs to 800μs which increased the range of objects identified, more semiconductors, and many other scanning and processing changes.

A version of this radar was built at the Sary Shagan test site and was called TsSO-PM (Russian: ЦСО-ПМ). After this had completed tests in 1965 it was decided to upgrade nodes 1 and 2 of the two OS sites to Dnestr-M, keeping nodes 3 and 4 as Dnestr. These radars remained as space surveillance radars which scanned between +10 and +90 degrees, comparative to scanning between +10 and +30 degrees for the missile warning radars. A space surveillance network of four Dnestrs and four Dnestr-Ms, and two command posts was formally commissioned in 1971.

== Dnepr ==

Work to improve the radar continued. An improved array was designed which covered 60 degrees rather than 30. The first Dnepr radar was built at Balkhash as a new radar, cell 5. It entered service on 12 May 1974. The second was a new early warning station at Sevastopol. New Dneprs were also built at Mishelevka and another at Skrunda, and then one at Mukachevo. The remaining radars were all converted to Dnepr with the exception of cells 3 and 4 at Balkhash and Mishelevka which remained space surveillance radars.

All current operational radars are described as Dnepr, and have been updated incrementally.

== Technical details ==

Each Dnepr array is a double sectoral horn antenna 250m long by 12 m wide. It has two rows of slot radiators within two waveguides. At each end of the two arrays, there is a set of transmitting and receiving equipment. It emits a signal covering a sector 30 degrees in azimuth and 30 degrees in elevation, with the scanning controlled by frequency. Four sets mean the radar covers 120 degrees in azimuth and 30 degrees in elevation (5 to 35 degrees).

The Dnepr involved the horn antenna being reduced from 20 to 14 metres in height and the addition of a polarising filter.

== Current Status ==

These radars have been installed at six different radar stations and as of 2012 are operational at three – Balkhash, Mishelevka and Olenegorsk. The 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty required that early warning radars were located on the periphery of national territory and faced outwards. This caused problems when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 as many of the radar stations were now in newly independent states. The first station to close was Skrunda, in newly independent Latvia. A 1994 agreement between Russia and Latvia agreed that the two Dnepr radars there would stop working in 1998, and would be fully demolished by 2000.

Russia signed an agreement with Ukraine in 1992 allowing it to continue using the Dnepr radars at Sevastopol and Mukachevo. The stations were run by Ukrainian personnel and data was sent to the headquarters of the Russian early warning system in Solnechnogorsk. In 2008 Russia announced that it was pulling out of the agreement with Ukraine and that the last data given to Russia from the stations would be in 2009. The Ukrainian government announced that the stations were to be used part-time for space surveillance.

The station in Balkhash in Kazakhstan remains the only Dnepr operational outside Russia. It has been modernised and is run by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.

The remaining stations in Russia are due to be replaced by the Voronezh radar. The Dneprs in Mishelevka, Irkutsk will close once the second array of the new Voronezh radar is operational. The Dnepr at Olenegorsk, Murmansk will be replaced by a Voronezh as well. It is planned to start construction there in 2017.

== See also ==
[[Duga Radar (The Russian Woodpecker)]]

[[UVB-76 (The Buzzer)]]

[[Daryal Radar]]

== Credits ==

(Images and some text courtesy of Wikipedia)

Dnetsr Radar

2019-10-22T14:05:55Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla: Created page with "A Department of Defense artist's impression of the Dnetsr radar array Dnestr radar (Russian: Днестр) and Dnepr radar (Russian: Днепр)..."

[[Image:Dnetsr.jpg|thumb|right|A Department of Defense artist's impression of the Dnetsr radar array]]

Dnestr radar (Russian: Днестр) and Dnepr radar (Russian: Днепр), both known by the NATO reporting name Hen House[note 1] are the first generation of Soviet space surveillance and early warning radars. Six radars of this type were built around the periphery of the Soviet Union starting in the 1960s to provide ballistic missile warnings for attacks from different directions. They were the primary Soviet early warning radars for much of the later Cold War. In common with other Soviet and Russian early warning radars they are named after rivers, the Dnestr and the Dnepr.[note 2]

The Dnestr/Dnepr radars were intended to be replaced by the newer Daryal radars starting in the 1990s. Only two of the planned Daryal radars became operational, due to issues such as the dissolution of the Soviet Union. As of 2012, the Russian early warning network still consists of some radars of this vintage. It is likely that all the existing radars will be replaced by the third generation Voronezh radars by 2020.

== History ==

The Dnestr radar came from work on ballistic missile defence undertaken in the late 1950s and early 1960s. System A, the prototype for the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system, was set up in the Sary Shagan testing grounds, in the Kazakh SSR. Work on the system was led by design bureau KB-1 which proposed using VHF radar RTN (Russian: РТН) and the Dunay-2 UHF radar. Other alternatives were sought from Soviet industry and RTI proposed using VHF radar TsSO-P (Russian: ЦСО-П) and UHF radar TsSS-30 (Russian: ЦСС-30).

TsSO-P (standing for Russian: центральная станция обнаружения – полигонная meaning central detection station – test site) was selected for further development, together with the Dunay-2. TsSO-P had a long horn antenna 250 metres (820 ft) long and 15 metres (49 ft) high. It had an array with an open ribbed structure and used 200 microseconds pulses. Hardware methods were designed for signal processing as the intended M-4 computer could not run. It was built at area 8 in Sary Shagan and was located at 46°00′04.65″N 73°38′52.11″E. It first detected an object on 17 September 1961.

TsSO-P took part in the 1961 and 1962 Soviet Project K nuclear tests above the Sary Shagan range to examine the effects of high altitude nuclear explosions on missile defence hardware.

== Dnetsr ==

TsSO-P was effective at satellite tracking and was chosen as the radar of the Istrebitel Sputnik (IS) anti-satellite programme. This programme involved the construction of two sites separated in latitude to form a radar field 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) long and 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) high. The two sites chosen were at the village of Mishelevka near Irkutsk in Siberia, which was called OS-1, and at Cape Gulshad on Lake Balkhash near Sary Shagan, which was called OS-2. Each site received four Dnestr radar systems in a fan arrangement.

A Dnestr radar was composed of two TsSO-P radar wings joined together by a two-story building containing a joint computer system and command post. Each radar wing covered a 30-degree sector with a 0.5 degree scanning beam. The elevation scanning pattern was a 'spade' with a width of 20 degrees. The radar systems were arranged to create a fan shaped barrier. Of the four radars, called cells (Russian: РЛЯ, tr. RLYa roughly radio location cell), two faced to the west and two faced to the east. All scanned between +10 degrees and +90 degrees in elevation.

Construction at the two sites started between 1962 and 1963 with improvements in the TsSO-P test model being fed back into the deployed units. They gained an M-4 2-M computer with semiconductors, although the rest of the radar used Vacuum tubes. The radar systems were completed in late 1966 with the fourth Dnestr at Balkhash being used for testing. In 1968 the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik target satellite, DS-P1-Yu, was used to test the ability of the system.

The Dnestr radars were accepted for service by the Soviet Air Defence Forces in April 1967 and became part of the space surveillance network SKKP.

== Dnestr-M ==

Parallel with the implementation of the Dnestr space surveillance units, a modified version of the original Dnestr units, Dnestr-M radar, was being developed to act as an early warning radar to identify attacks by ballistic missiles. The first two were built at Murmansk in northern Russia (Olenegorsk – RO-1) and near Riga in the then Latvian SSR (Skrunda – RO-2). They constituted the beginning of the Soviet SPRN network, the equivalent of the NATO BMEWS.

The first Dnestr-M at Olenegorsk was completed by 1968. In 1970, the radars at Olenegorsk and Skrunda, and an associated command centre at Solnechnogorsk, were accepted for service. According to Podvig (2002), it seems they were positioned to identify missile launches from NATO submarines in the Norwegian and North Seas

The Dnestr-M included many improvements over the previous versions such as an increase in the pulse length from 200μs to 800μs which increased the range of objects identified, more semiconductors, and many other scanning and processing changes.

A version of this radar was built at the Sary Shagan test site and was called TsSO-PM (Russian: ЦСО-ПМ). After this had completed tests in 1965 it was decided to upgrade nodes 1 and 2 of the two OS sites to Dnestr-M, keeping nodes 3 and 4 as Dnestr. These radars remained as space surveillance radars which scanned between +10 and +90 degrees, comparative to scanning between +10 and +30 degrees for the missile warning radars. A space surveillance network of four Dnestrs and four Dnestr-Ms, and two command posts was formally commissioned in 1971.

== Dnepr ==

Work to improve the radar continued. An improved array was designed which covered 60 degrees rather than 30. The first Dnepr radar was built at Balkhash as a new radar, cell 5. It entered service on 12 May 1974. The second was a new early warning station at Sevastopol. New Dneprs were also built at Mishelevka and another at Skrunda, and then one at Mukachevo. The remaining radars were all converted to Dnepr with the exception of cells 3 and 4 at Balkhash and Mishelevka which remained space surveillance radars.

All current operational radars are described as Dnepr, and have been updated incrementally.

== Technical details ==

Each Dnepr array is a double sectoral horn antenna 250m long by 12 m wide. It has two rows of slot radiators within two waveguides. At each end of the two arrays, there is a set of transmitting and receiving equipment. It emits a signal covering a sector 30 degrees in azimuth and 30 degrees in elevation, with the scanning controlled by frequency. Four sets mean the radar covers 120 degrees in azimuth and 30 degrees in elevation (5 to 35 degrees).

The Dnepr involved the horn antenna being reduced from 20 to 14 metres in height and the addition of a polarising filter.

== Current Status ==

These radars have been installed at six different radar stations and as of 2012 are operational at three – Balkhash, Mishelevka and Olenegorsk. The 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty required that early warning radars were located on the periphery of national territory and faced outwards. This caused problems when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 as many of the radar stations were now in newly independent states. The first station to close was Skrunda, in newly independent Latvia. A 1994 agreement between Russia and Latvia agreed that the two Dnepr radars there would stop working in 1998, and would be fully demolished by 2000.

Russia signed an agreement with Ukraine in 1992 allowing it to continue using the Dnepr radars at Sevastopol and Mukachevo. The stations were run by Ukrainian personnel and data was sent to the headquarters of the Russian early warning system in Solnechnogorsk. In 2008 Russia announced that it was pulling out of the agreement with Ukraine and that the last data given to Russia from the stations would be in 2009. The Ukrainian government announced that the stations were to be used part-time for space surveillance.

The station in Balkhash in Kazakhstan remains the only Dnepr operational outside Russia. It has been modernised and is run by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.

The remaining stations in Russia are due to be replaced by the Voronezh radar. The Dneprs in Mishelevka, Irkutsk will close once the second array of the new Voronezh radar is operational. The Dnepr at Olenegorsk, Murmansk will be replaced by a Voronezh as well. It is planned to start construction there in 2017.

== See also ==
[[Duga Radar (The Russian Woodpecker)]]

[[UVB-76 (The Buzzer)]]

[[Daryal Radar]]

== Credits ==

(Images and some text courtesy of Wikipedia)

File:Dnetsr.jpeg

2019-10-22T13:56:47Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

V-1000/Griffon

2019-10-22T13:47:42Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

A Soviet-era Russian anti-ballistic missile. First Soviet anti-ballistic missile system. Development began in 1956 and the system was tested at Sary Shagan 1960 to 1961. It was clear that enormous development work was needed to achieve an operational anti-ballistic missile system. Therefore work began on the successor A-35 system, although the Americans were led to believe that an operational system was deployed around Moscow. The System A anti-ballistic missile equipped with the V-1000 rocket made the first intercept and destruction in the world using a conventional warhead of an intermediate range ballistic missile warhead coming in at 3 km/s on 4 May 1961. The US did not demonstrate an equivalent capability until 1984.

https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5491/14441838997_d233a25b41_m.jpg

Specifications: Alternate names: A (Launch System);ABM-1.

Status: Retired 1973.

First Launch: 1958-10-16.

Last Launch: 1962-11-01. Number: 37 .

Gross mass: 8,800 kg (19,400 lbs).

Height: 14.50 m (47.50 ft).

Diameter: 1.00 m (3.20 ft).

Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

== Background and development ==

At the beginning of 1956 the Soviet leadership authorized an urgent program for construction of the world's first anti-ballistic missile system - 'System A'. Project manager G B Kisunko at SB-1, who had led the crash program for the first Soviet surface-to-air missile, was put in charge of the project. Subcontractors for the development were designated in February 1956:

Central computer system: Lebedev at TsVS.

Long-range tracking radar (SDO): two variants were to be developed in parallel by V P Sosulnikov and A L Mintsa at the Radiotechnical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

The three guidance radars (RTN), each capable of tracking both an incoming ICBM and outgoing anti-ballistic missile simultaneously: G B Kisunko, with A L Mintsa.

V-1000 anti-ballistic missile: Grushin.
Missile launcher: I I Ivanov.

Station for the anti-ballistic missile guidance beam (RSVPR): S P Rabinovich.

Long-range intercept system (SPD): F P Lipsman.

In March 1956 KB-1 completed the draft project for System A. A decree of 17 August 1956 authorized construction of the first anti-ballistic missile site -Area A'. This was to be 250 km from the train station of Sary Shagan near Lake Baikal in the Bet-pak-Dala Desert. Colonel A A Gubako was in charge of the site. Work began on 3 July 1956 and by the beginning of 1957 it was ready for equipment installation. Within three years Area A was in use for trials of dozens of military systems.

The radars required for the anti-ballistic missile systems were 100 times larger than existing surface-to-air missile radars, and generated 10 million times more energy. They required encrypted communications lines between the radar and the guidance system computers. The computers themselves had to be capable of 40,000 operations per second.

In 1958 the anti-ballistic missile tracking station Dunai-2 went into operation on the shores of Lake Baikal. The 1200 km range radar was put into immediate use to track the first test flights of the V-1000, the launchers for which were located at a site 100 km west of Lake Baikal. The three RTN tracking radars were located in the Bet-pak-Dala Desert, in a line 100 to 250 km from the shore of Lake Baikal. These provided the data to triangulate the location of the target to within 5 km at a range of 150 km. The RTN's parabolic antennae had a tracking range of 700 km. Once a target was localized, the V-1000 missile launcher was slewed to the azimuth and angle to the intercept point calculated by the RSVPR. The RTN sent the launch command to the anti-ballistic missile when the incoming warhead reached the intercept position.

In February 1959 KB-1 was reorganized to concentrate on development of an anti-ballistic missile system. SKB-30, under G B Kisunko, would develop the anti-ballistic missile; SKB-31, under Raspletin, would continue surface-to-air missile development, and SKB-41, under A A Kolosov, would develop the aviation systems of the rocket forces.

== Testing of V-1000 ==

On 29 November 1960 the first attempted intercept of an R-5 IRBM by the V-1000 was fully successful. The anti-ballistic missile passed within the kill radius of the high-explosive fragmentation warhead of the V-1000. But the warhead itself had not completed development and was not installed. The five following intercept attempts were unsuccessful - five R-5's and two V-1000's were expended (three times the system failed to launch the anti-ballistic missile in time):

On 8 December 1960 the system didn't function due to the failure of the 6N55 tube of the central computer.

On 10 December there was a failure of the software to recognize the anti-ballistic missile in flight.

On 17 December there was a failure of the receiving unit of the radar at the command point.

On 23 December there was an error of the operator of the long-range radar.

On 25 December the second stage of the V-1000 failed to ignite.

On 30 December a sixth attempt was planned, but the launches of both the R-5 and V-1000 were scrubbed when the long-range radar couldn't come on line.

1961 began with another string of failures (5 further launches were planned in the first test series). A variety of warheads were wasted in attempting to destroy the incoming missiles. Once, manually, and twice, automatically, the missile made a more-or-less successful intercept. But this was followed by three failures, indicating a great amount of time and effort were needed to develop the intercept method.

On 4 March 1961 the V-1000 achieved a world first - the destruction of the re-entry vehicle of an R-12 IRBM. This was followed by the destruction of an R-5 re-entry vehicle. In all, there were 11 launches with military warheads, plus launches of developmental warheads. The S2TA variant used an infrared-homing self-guiding high-explosive warhead and was designed by Storozhenko at the GOI State Optical Institute in Leningrad. It was capable not only of determining the moment for warhead detonation, but also was capable of guiding the anti-ballistic missile independently using an on-board computer. The R2TA version used a radio-guided explosive warhead, with two types of proximity fuses used to determine the correct moment for warhead detonation. These were the G2TA, a radio ranging system, developed by Bondarenko and an optical system, developed by Emdin at GOI. Flight tests of the V-1000 with a nuclear warhead designed at Chelyabinsk-70 were also carried out.

== Decline of V-1000 ==

As the anti-ballistic missile system reached maturity, a range of anti-ballistic missile countermeasures deployed by the incoming missiles challenged it. These included Verba (inflated decoy warheads); Kaktus (an anti-radar system that generated false targets on the anti-ballistic missile system radars); and Krot (an active jammer). Operation K (including live nuclear-armed target and interceptor missile exercises K1 through K5) tested the effects of nuclear explosions at altitudes of 80 to 300 km on the ability of the anti-ballistic missile system to function. System A demonstrated its ability to continue operation despite the nuclear detonations, although the tests were primarily conducted to obtain scientific data for the design of the next generation of anti-ballistic missiles. At the end of 1961 KB-1 and SKB-30 were transferred to OKB-301 and dedicated to full-time anti-ballistic missile work. In 1966 the developers of System A received the Lenin Prize for their work.

== Radar ==

Dunai 2 early warning radar, RE-1 early warning radar, RE-2 and RE-3 target tracking radars.

== Performance ==

Maximum range: 300 km (180 mi).

Boost Propulsion: Solid rocket.

Cruise Thrust: 102.900 kN (23,133 lbf).

Cruise Thrust: 10,500 kgf.

Cruise engine: S2.726.

Maximum speed: 3,600 kph (2,200 mph).

== See also ==

[[V-400 Dal/SA-5 Griffon]]

[[A-35 Aldan]]

[[ABM-1 Galosh]]

== Sources ==

Encyclopedia Astronautica

V-400 Dal/SA-5 Griffon

2019-10-22T13:43:59Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

A massive Russian surface-to-air missile. Trials of this long range surface-to-air missile were conducted in 1960-1963 but the project was cancelled after the system failed to down a single target. V-200 missiles were installed in the Dal installations built around Leningrad for the failed missile. In a bit of disinformation, the V-400 was paraded in Moscow, and US intelligence, thinking it was operational, applied the SA-5 designation. The SA-5 code was transferred to the V-200 after the La-400 was cancelled.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Two-stage_V-400_%285V11%29_missile_of_surface-to-air_missile_system_%C2%ABDal%C2%BB_in_Military-historical_Museum_of_Artillery%2C_Engineer_and_Signal_Corps_in_Saint-Petersburg%2C_Russia.jpg/320px-thumbnail.jpg

Specifications: Alternate names: 5V11;Griffon;SA-5;V-400.

Status: Cancelled 1973.

Payload: 250 kg (550 lbs).

Gross mass: 8,757 kg (19,305 lbs).

Length: 14.20 m (46.50 ft).

Diameter: 0.65 m (2.13 ft).

Span: 2.70 m (8.80 ft).

Apogee: 30 km (18 mi).

== Background and development ==

In 1955, after trials of the S-25 anti-aircraft system and its V-300 surface-to-air missile were completed, Lavochkin and V D Kamykov went directly to Khrushchev and proposed urgent development of a long-range surface-to-air missile system to meet the impending threat from supersonic American cruise missiles and bombers. Such aircraft could be over the populated areas and military installations of the Soviet Baltic and Arctic coasts before existing systems could even react. Code-named Dal, the system was to be capable of engaging 10 targets with 10 surface-to-air missile's simultaneously at ranges of 160 to 180 km. This would 6 to 8 times greater range than the S-25. For such a system, radio command guidance from a central control point was not possible. Each missile would have to be self-homing against its assigned target for the terminal flight phase.

Decree 602-364 of 24 March 1955 instructed MAP, MRTP, and MPSS to develop the Dal multi-target system with the capabilities briefed to Khrushchev. The radar and computers of the system were to be capable of detecting targets at ranges of 300 to 400 km, and then directing the missiles to within 12 to 15 km of the targets, after which the missiles' homing systems would conduct the final intercepts. The range of the missile would be 160 km, and they were to be effective at targets at altitudes from 5 to 20 km flying at speeds of from 1000 to 2000 kph.

The development plan called for completion of breadboard systems by the second quarter of 1956, the first test articles by the first quarter of 1958, and factory trials completed by the second quarter of 1959. Lavochkin's OKB-301 was the prime contractor, with principle subcontractors being:

1. Active radar homing system, A B Sledushkin at NII-17 MRTP,

2. On-board radar, V V Samara,

3. Data link, N I Belov,

4. On-board computer, Bazilevskiy at NIEI MRTP,

5. Liquid propellant engine, Isayev in collaboration with Kosberg,

6. Warhead, V A Sukhikh at KB NII-6 MSKhM,

7. Launcher V P Barmin,

8. Ramjet engine M M Bondaryuk.

OKB-301 Deputy Director M M Pashimin led the team developing the V-400 surface-to-air missile. The V-400 was to be a two-stage rocket with the index 5V11. The rocket itself was to be theoretically capable of intercepting targets flying between 1500 and 3000 kph at altitudes from 5 to 30 km. Development had begun at the beginning of 1955, even before the decree was issued. The Soviet Ministers established the final TTT specification for the system on 17 August 1956 in decree 1148-581. However due to the high level of technical innovation, the draft project was not completed until April 1957. Two variants were proposed, consisting of either two liquid propellant rocket stages, or a rocket booster with a ramjet second stage. Isayev designed the three-chamber booster engine for either design. During trials an alternate solid booster was also tested, which had a shorter burn time and no control of thrust during the boost. This was the PRD-70 designed by I I Kartukov at KB-2 Factory 81.

The rocket-propelled cruise stage engine was the R01-154, which was pump fed and could be throttled from 600 to 6000 kgf. It was designed by S A Kosberg at OKB-154 using his chamber R01-01A (the actual engine used in the prototype rocket was the Isayev S2.713.0400-0. This and follow-on modifications were developed in collaboration between Isayev and Kosberg).

The Zenit baseline active radar homing system for the missile was developed by G M Kunyosiky at NII-17 GKRE, and the competing Raduga design by A B Slepushkin. The latter had a range of 12 to 16 km. The Grif distance ranger developed at NII-504 guided the missile until it was near the target, where the active radar would take over.

The four stabilizers on the boost and cruise stages were not indexed in line, but at 45 degrees to each other (x and +). The missile used a standard guidance program during the boost phase. After jettison of the booster stage, the SAZO SPK guidance system (developed by NII-33 GRU) received radio commands from the ground and translated them to the AP-69B autopilot developed by OKB-923.

The rocket variant had a launch mass of 8757 kg and a length of 13.6 m. The ramjet version had a length of 14.2 m. Both had a wingspan of 2.7 m and a cruise stage diameter of 650 mm. The solid booster stage had an 800 mm diameter. Although 77 rockets were fired during trials, the planned production schedule slipped due to numerous difficulties encountered during testing. Although the initial research work was completed at OKB-301 in mid-1956, it was not until the decree 735-358 of 4 April 1958 that the first schedule for the trials of all system elements working together was established - for the first quarter of 1960. These would take at Area 35 of Area A, 70 to 80 km west of Lake Baikal near Sary Shagan.

The first automated missile launch took place on 30 December 1958. There were 12 launches during 1959, all basically successful, but all with problems of one kind or another. Rockets were being produced at the factory, but without the SAZO (system of active interrogating data link), the associated ground system of command hardware (SPK), or the autopilots. Not a single homing head had been completed. At the beginning of 1960 a special joint committee was formed by MAP and MREP to identify the development and production bottlenecks and find solutions. A May 1960 decree set up a state commission tasked to accelerate the development program. This produced results and in May 1960 the first guided launch was finally made against an aerial target.

During these tests the missiles would be tracked with a cinetheodolite to verify that the rocket was being commanded to within homing range of the warhead. If this could be accomplished, it was felt, successful destruction of the target was almost guaranteed. On 9 June 1960 Lavochkin died unexpectedly and M M Pashinin became Chief Designer of the bureau. Pashinin lacked the standing and authority of Lavochkin, and the fortunes and finances of the bureau rapidly declined. A few specialists from OKB-301 managed to complete four launches of the surface-to-air missile in 1960 with the Zenit-1 homing system, but only two of these reached their target. The planned state trials of the missile, planned for October 1960, were cancelled pending further development tests.

18 launches were made of the V-400 in 1961. Three of these were tests where the warhead-tipped missile was manually guided by test operators to the vicinity of the target, and then allowed to home in on realistic targets. These included a parachute-borne target, a MiG-15 drone, and an Il-28 light bomber drone. The parachute target and the Il-28 were destroyed.

== Dal, the White Elephant ==

By the end of 1962, a total of 57 launches had been made. Factory 82 had planned to complete 30 production rockets in 1961. But due to continued problems with development, all of these had to be scrapped. In parallel construction of the fixed Dal system was begun around Leningrad. But the electronics components of the system were still not mature and the first all-up avionics tests were not conducted until 1962. Even then the first all-up test against an Il-28 was unsuccessful. It seemed the on-board electronics were simply not up to the automatic homing task.

But Dal was too important to the defense of the Soviet Union to cancel. A decree of 4 July 1959 had called for development of the Dal-M system with the V-420 rocket and the Dal-2 with the V-500 rocket. These were to have a radar range of 500 to 600 km, and a missile range of 300 to 400 km against an Il-28 target. A new Raduga homing system would be developed by NII-17 for these missiles. Again alternate cruise stages were planned, either a Bondaryuk ramjet-powered stage or a solid propellant stage powered by a motor by OKB-16 Zuba. The requirement was that a 4000 kph target would have an 80 to 85% probability of being shot down at altitudes from 200 m up to 30 km. Planned trials of the alternate versions of the missile were to be conducted in 1962, of the complete missile system, in 1962, and the all-up missile, including warhead and tracking radars, by the second quarter of 1964.

In contrast to these plans, by 22 October 1962 not a single successful test of the complete basic Dal system had been accomplished. All hardware development was ordered stopped and the V-400 was reduced to a 'paper' missile. The entire project was cancelled in December 1963 and the sites already built around Leningrad were completed with the S-200 system. Throughout the long and costly development of the V-400, not a single target had been shot down in a test of the complete system. The missile concept was just too far ahead of existing Soviet electronics capabilities at the time it started, and during its long development it was overtaken by the S-200, which started later and finished earlier. This was a common situation for other missile projects of the period, in both east and west.

== Performance ==

Maximum range: 160 km (90 mi).

Boost Propulsion: Solid rocket.

Maximum speed: 2,990 kph (1,850 mph).

Minimum range: 150 km (90 mi).

Floor: 5,000 m (16,400 ft).

== See also ==

[[V-1000/Griffon]]

[[A-35 Aldan]]

[[ABM-1 Galosh]]

[[Soviet/Russian Strategic Communication/Warfare Units]]

== Sources ==

Encyclopedia Astronautica, Wikipedia

UVB-76 (The Buzzer)

2019-10-22T13:26:51Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[Image:UVB76 antenna.jpg|thumb|right|Satellite photo of UVB-76 transmitter in [[Povarovo]], [[Russia]].]]
'''UVB-76''', (Now "ANVF", formerly "MDZhB" and "ZhUOZ") is the callsign of a HF radio station that usually broadcasts on the frequency [[Fixed/Mobile_bands|4625 kHz]] on a USB (Upper Side Band) signal. It is known among radio listeners by the nickname '''The Buzzer'''. It features a short, monotonous buzz tone, repeating at a rate of approximately 25 tones per minute, for 24 hours per day. The station has been observed since around 1982.[1]. Until 2010, most voice transmissions in the Russian Monolit code signal were rare.

The Buzzer has four callsigns: UVB-76, MDZhB (Mikhail, Dmitri, Zhenya, Boris), ZhUOZ (Zhenya, Ulyana, Olga, Zinaida), and ANVF (Anna, Nikolai, Vasily, Fyodor)

==Normal transmission==
The station transmits a buzzing sound that lasts 0.8 seconds, pausing for 1–1.3 seconds, and repeating 21–34 times per minute.[1] One minute before the hour, the repeating tone is replaced by a continuous tone, which continues for one minute until the short repeating buzz resumes. Between 07:00 and 07:50 GMT the station transmits using lower power, when transmitter maintenance apparently takes place.

The Buzzer has apparently been broadcasting since at least 1982 [1] as a repeating two-second pip, changing to a buzzer in early 1990.[2] [3] It briefly changed to a higher tone of longer duration (approximately 20 tones per minute) on January 16, 2003, although it has since reverted to the previous tone pattern.[4]

It is believed that the buzzer is not directly modulated but actually recorded by a active microphone, as there have been reports of hearing background chatter while the buzzer was on.

==Malfunctions==
Frequently, distant conversations and other background noises can be heard behind the buzzer: this suggests that the buzzing device is behind a live and constantly open microphone (rather than a recording or automated sound being fed through playback equipment) or that a microphone may have been turned on accidentally. One such occasion was on November 3, 2001, when a conversation in Russian was heard:[1] "Я — 143. Не получаю генератор." "Идёт такая работа от аппаратной." ("I am 143. Not receiving the generator (oscillator)." "There's some work on the hardware.")

UVB-76 has become much more active as of 2010. In early June, many listeners also report that it simply stopped transmitting, although transmission resumed by June 6th, 2010. That same day, many listeners reported transmissions in Morse Code. Since the start of June 2010, the normal buzzing sound from UVB-76 has been replaced by a continuous high pitched noise, similar to that of a modem, with intermittent deeper tones like that of a foghorn.[5] Whether this is a malfunction or an intended change to the buzzing remains to be seen. On June 10, UVB-76 reportedly transmitted actual polytone data bursts followed by another Morse Code transmission. Several conflicting amateur reports on UVB-76's recent activities also date from June 2010.[6]

==Voice messages==
Voice messages from UVB-76 were very rare, until 2010. There are six well-known recordings:

* At 21:58 [[GMT]] on December 24, 1997, the buzzing abruptly stopped to be replaced by a short series of beeps, and a male voice speaking Russian announced: "Ya — UVB-76. 18008. BROMAL: Boris, Roman, Olga, Mikhail, Anna, Larisa. 742, 799, 14."[7] The same message was repeated several times before the beep sequence repeated and the buzzer resumed.
* A similar voice message was broadcast on September 12, 2002, but with extreme distortion (possibly as a result of the source being too close to the microphone head) that rendered comprehension very difficult. This second voice broadcast has been partially translated as "UVB-76, UVB-76. 62691 Izafet 3693 8270."
* A third voice message was broadcast on February 21, 2006 at 7:57 GMT. ([http://mikeandsniffy.co.uk/vlt/zz/S28_4625_07.57_21.2.06.mp3 recording of the third voice transmission]) Again, the speaking voice was highly distorted, but the message's content translates as: "75-59-75-59. 39-52-53-58. 5-5-2-5. Konstantin-1-9-0-9-0-8-9-8-Tatiana-Oksana-Anna-Elena-Pavel-Schuka. Konstantin 8-4. 9-7-5-5-9-Tatiana. Anna Larisa Uliyana-9-4-1-4-3-4-8."[8] These names are found in some Russian spelling alphabets.[9]
* The fourth transmission, on August 23, 2010, was broadcast at 13:35 UTC: "UVB-76, UVB-76. 93 882 NAIMINA 74 14 35 74. 9 3 8 8 2 Nikolai, Anna, Ivan, Mikhail, Ivan, Nikolai, Anna. 7 4 1 4 3 5 7 4"
* The fifth transmission, this time with the callsign MDZhB, was transmitted on January 25, 2013, at 02:47 UTC: "MDZhB TERKA 0254 МDZhB ТЕRКА 0254 MDZhB OBYAVLENA KOMANDA 135 (command 135 announced)"
* The sixth transmission, this time with the callsign ZhUOZ, was transmitted on December 15, 2015, at 16:28 UTC: "Zhenya, Ulyana, Olga, Zinaida. Zhenya, Ulyana, Olga, Zinaida. 92, 002, AGATU, 56, 88, 48, 32."
* On March 2019, the station seemingly changed its callsign to ANVF (Anna, Nikolai, Vasily, Fyodor)

==Equipment==
The station uses Molniya-2M (PKM-15) and Molniya-3 (PKM-20) transmitters and a Viaz-M2 backup transmitter. The transmitter power is approximately 10 kW and backup power is 2.5 kW, which is used from 7:00 to 7.50 UTC. The antenna model is a horizontal dipole VGDSh (Nadenenko), height approximately 20 m.

==Location and function==
The station's transmitter was located just outside Povarovo, Russia at 56°4′58″N 37°5′22″E, which is about halfway between Zelenograd and Solnechnogorsk and 40 km northwest of Moscow, near the village of Lozhki. The location and callsign were unknown until the first voice broadcast of 1997.

In September of 2010, the station was evacuated, the station transmitter was moved to the nearby city of Saint Petersburg, near the village of Kerro Massiv. This may have been due to a reorganization of the Russian military. Prior to August 9, 2015, the station is not transmitted from the Kerro Massiv transmitter site ("Irtysh") anymore, possibly due to a reorganization of the Russian military for the particular area which may cause the frequency to be used only in the Moscow Military District. At present, The Buzzer appears to be broadcast only from the 69th Communication Hub in Naro Fominsk, Moscow.

Its purpose is unknown. One website claims the station is meant to "Transmit orders to the military units and recruitment centers of the Moscow military district." This is unconfirmed, and unlikely considering the station transmitted the simple buzz tone for at least 15 years before any words or numbers were broadcast. Because of the nature of the broadcast and the fact that its transmitter location is rumored to be a communications hub of the General Staff of the army,[10] UVB-76 is widely believed to be used to transmit encoded messages to spies, as is generally assumed for the many [[Spy Numbers Stations|numbers stations]] that populate shortwave frequencies. Transmitter sites for some numbers stations have been triangulated to military and/or intelligence installations in several countries, although no nation's government will confirm or deny the existence of the stations or their purpose. Another possibility is that the constant transmission of its characteristic sound is supposed to signal the availability, operation or alertness of some kind of installation, a kind of dead man's switch of a military or other installation, possibly for the Russian Dead Hand system.

Another explanation for the constant buzzer is the High-frequency Doppler method for ionosphere research [11] described in the Russian Journal of Earth Sciences, in which radio waves are reflected from ionosphere inhomogeneities. Changes of an ionosphere state can be caused by solar geophysical or seismic events. This method involves comparing a continuous radio transmission which is reflected by the ionosphere with a stable basic generator. The continuously transmitted carrier frequency currently used for this research matches that of the Russian Buzzer (4.625 MHz).

==Other frequencies==
A broadcast matching the primary 4625 kHz USB signal was heard on 6998 kHz USB in October 2015.

==See also==
* [[Russian Woodpecker]]
* [[Dead Hand System]]

==References==
# [http://www.cvni.net/radio/e2k/e2k008/e2k08odd.html Oddities], ''[[ENIGMA2000|ENIGMA 2000]] Newsletter'' Issue 8, January 2002.
# [http://www.radioscanner.ru/forum/index.php?action=vthread&topic=12415&forum=3&page=2 Военная жужжалка на 4625 кГц], 2004.
# [[Ary Boender]]: [http://www.cvni.net/radio/nsnl/nsnl000/nsnl0a.html Numbers & oddities, Issue 1], ''[[World Utility News]]'', 1995.
# Brian Rogers: [http://www.brogers.dsl.pipex.com/page5.html The Buzzer], ''Mystery Signals Of The Short Wave'', 2008.
# [http://uk3-pn.mixstream.net/8026.m3u Livestream as of June 2010]
# [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mH77Wu0_eY Youtube recording of the Morse Code]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20071125051007/http://dxworld.com/markers.html Single letter markers – posts from the SPOOKS and WUN listservers] (http://dxworld.com/markers.html), 2000.
# [http://mikeandsniffy.co.uk/thesecretsiteofmike/mikes.htm Mike and Sniffy's radio 'X' files]
# [http://www.faqs.org/faqs/radio/phonetic-alph/full/ Phonetic alphabets], by the Internet FAQ Consortium
# [http://archive.hard-core-dx.com/channels/rusdx/2004-12/20041212044623734.html RUS-DX # 137-B], ''[[Hard-Core-DX]] Mail List Archive'', December 12, 2004.
# [http://elpub.wdcb.ru/journals/rjes/v10/2007ES000227/2.shtml High-frequency Doppler method for ionosphere research], ''Russian Journal of Earth Sciences, '''10''', 2008.

* Location: 560 4' 58" N - 370 5' 22" E

==External links==
*[http://www.astrosol.ch/numberstations/index.html Number Stations] - Includes discussion of UVB-76.
* NPR's [http://www.npr.org/templates/topics/topic.php?topicId=1074 Lost and Found Sound], 2000-05-26: [http://www.npr.org/programs/lnfsound/stories/000526.stories.html The Shortwave Numbers Mystery]
*[http://sites.google.com/site/stationuvb76 UVB-76 Station Info] - All the information about UVB-76 by Years.
*[http://qrg.broker.freenet6.net/details.php?id=19667 UVB76] at the [http://qrg.broker.freenet6.net/ Global Frequency Database]
*[http://www.uvb-76.net UVB-76 Temporary Internet Relay] - Live Internet Streaming site, 900km NW from station.
* Allison McLellan: "Decoding Numbers Stations", QST, '''103''' (11), pp. 70-74, ISSN 0033-4812, November 2019

{{CC-BY-SA-WP|UVB-76}}

[[Category:UVB-76|!]]

Soviet Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units

2019-10-22T13:05:30Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

This is a list of surface-to-air (SAM) missile systems used by the Soviet Union.

(Note: This list includes only long-range surface to air missiles used in strategic purposes. Tactical-based missiles are excluded)

== Strategic Missile Defense Systems ==
[[Peter Grushin]]

[[V-400 Dal/SA-5 Griffon]]

[[S-400 Triumf/SA-21 Growler]]

[[V-1000/Griffon]]

[[A-35 Aldan]]

[[ABM-1 Galosh]]

== Strategic Radar Systems ==
[[Duga Radar (Russian Woodpecker)]]

[[Dnetsr Radar]]

[[Daryal Radar]]

(Note: All sources have come from Encyclopedia Astronautica, Wikipedia, Federation of American Scientists, several military websites, and declassified CIA documents)

A-35 Aldan

2019-10-21T16:43:48Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

A Soviet-era, Russian anti-ballistic missile. First operational Soviet ABM system, going into limited operation around Moscow in 1972.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Doghouse_dunay3_kh7_receiver.jpg/235px-Doghouse_dunay3_kh7_receiver.jpg

Specifications: Alternate names: A-350R;A-350Zh;A-350Zh, A-350R;ABM-1;Aldan.

Status: Retired 2000.

== Background and development ==

On 8 April 1958 a decree was issued to proceed with the advanced project for the anti-ballistic missile system for the defense of Moscow. This was designated 'System A-35' and was to be developed under General Designer K B Kisunko. A 1960 resolution authorized the later TsNPO Vympel to proceed with further development of the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system, with the objective of defeating incoming Minuteman-2 and Titan-2 ICBM warheads aimed at Moscow. The A-35 system consisted of a command point, 8 sector radars, a single long-distance Duna-3 search radar (designed by V P Sosulnikov) a Duna-3U radar for 360 degree detection of enemy targets (chief designer A N Musatov), and 32 missile launchers with sealed transport-launch tubes containing the A-350 anti-ballistic missile (designed by Grushin).

The first draft project was defended in the fall of 1962, but the review board raised numerous objections. The second draft project was presented in 1964, this time featuring a nuclear warhead on the anti-ballistic missile as opposed to the high explosive warhead proposed in the first draft, and a reduction of the number of launch complexes from 32 to 16. The system was to be implemented in two phases. The phase 1 system would produce an anti-ballistic missile that would be launched to the position in time and space predicted for the incoming warhead by ground=based computers. The phase 2 system would use a new active radar homing system aboard the missile to intercept incoming re-entry vehicles.

Construction of the anti-ballistic missile sites around Moscow began in 1962, using the infrastructure and some of the equipment of the existing S-25 surface-to-air missile system. The A-35 system completed its trials successfully and Phase 1 was put into operation in June 1972. Phase 2 testing accomplished the first active radar homing intercept in 1974. Trials indicated the system had a kill probability of 93%.

== Deployment ==

The A-35 system's A-350 missile had a new thermonuclear warhead with a greater range of dynamic effects than that used on the V-1000 missile of System A. The warhead was developed at Chelyabinsk-70. The A-350 was the first solid propellant rocket in the USSR with gimbaled nozzles. The missile trials were also conducted in phases (confusing separate from the overall system test phases). Phase 1, using the A-350Zh missile, was completed in 1973. This was the missile with which the system around Moscow became operational. Phase 2, using the radiation-hardened A-350R, was completed in 1974.

== Radar ==

Don-2N Pill Box early warning radar, band, range 6000 km. Hen House early warning radar, VHF band, range 6000 km. Dog House target acquisition radar, VHF band, range 2800 km. Cat House target acquisition radar, VHF

== Performance ==

Maximum range: 350 km (210 mi).

Warhead yield: 1,000 KT.

Initial Operational Capability: 1972.

== See also ==

[[V-400 Dal/SA-5 Griffon]]

[[V-1000/Griffon]]

[[ABM-1 Galosh]]

[[Soviet/Russian Strategic Communication/Warfare Units]]

== Sources ==

Encyclopedia Astronautica, Wikipedia

V-1000/Griffon

2019-10-21T16:42:25Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

A Soviet-era Russian anti-ballistic missile. First Soviet anti-ballistic missile system. Development began in 1956 and the system was tested at Sary Shagan 1960 to 1961. It was clear that enormous development work was needed to achieve an operational anti-ballistic missile system. Therefore work began on the successor A-35 system, although the Americans were led to believe that an operational system was deployed around Moscow. The System A anti-ballistic missile equipped with the V-1000 rocket made the first intercept and destruction in the world using a conventional warhead of an intermediate range ballistic missile warhead coming in at 3 km/s on 4 May 1961. The US did not demonstrate an equivalent capability until 1984.

https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5491/14441838997_d233a25b41_m.jpg

Specifications: Alternate names: A (Launch System);ABM-1.

Status: Retired 1973.

First Launch: 1958-10-16.

Last Launch: 1962-11-01. Number: 37 .

Gross mass: 8,800 kg (19,400 lb).

Height: 14.50 m (47.50 ft).

Diameter: 1.00 m (3.20 ft).

Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

== Background and development ==

At the beginning of 1956 the Soviet leadership authorized an urgent program for construction of the world's first anti-ballistic missile system - 'System A'. Project manager G B Kisunko at SB-1, who had led the crash program for the first Soviet surface-to-air missile, was put in charge of the project. Subcontractors for the development were designated in February 1956:

Central computer system: Lebedev at TsVS.

Long-range tracking radar (SDO): two variants were to be developed in parallel by V P Sosulnikov and A L Mintsa at the Radiotechnical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

The three guidance radars (RTN), each capable of tracking both an incoming ICBM and outgoing anti-ballistic missile simultaneously: G B Kisunko, with A L Mintsa.

V-1000 anti-ballistic missile: Grushin.
Missile launcher: I I Ivanov.

Station for the anti-ballistic missile guidance beam (RSVPR): S P Rabinovich.

Long-range intercept system (SPD): F P Lipsman.

In March 1956 KB-1 completed the draft project for System A. A decree of 17 August 1956 authorized construction of the first anti-ballistic missile site -Area A'. This was to be 250 km from the train station of Sary Shagan near Lake Baikal in the Bet-pak-Dala Desert. Colonel A A Gubako was in charge of the site. Work began on 3 July 1956 and by the beginning of 1957 it was ready for equipment installation. Within three years Area A was in use for trials of dozens of military systems.

The radars required for the anti-ballistic missile systems were 100 times larger than existing surface-to-air missile radars, and generated 10 million times more energy. They required encrypted communications lines between the radar and the guidance system computers. The computers themselves had to be capable of 40,000 operations per second.

In 1958 the anti-ballistic missile tracking station Dunai-2 went into operation on the shores of Lake Baikal. The 1200 km range radar was put into immediate use to track the first test flights of the V-1000, the launchers for which were located at a site 100 km west of Lake Baikal. The three RTN tracking radars were located in the Bet-pak-Dala Desert, in a line 100 to 250 km from the shore of Lake Baikal. These provided the data to triangulate the location of the target to within 5 km at a range of 150 km. The RTN's parabolic antennae had a tracking range of 700 km. Once a target was localized, the V-1000 missile launcher was slewed to the azimuth and angle to the intercept point calculated by the RSVPR. The RTN sent the launch command to the anti-ballistic missile when the incoming warhead reached the intercept position.

In February 1959 KB-1 was reorganized to concentrate on development of an anti-ballistic missile system. SKB-30, under G B Kisunko, would develop the anti-ballistic missile; SKB-31, under Raspletin, would continue surface-to-air missile development, and SKB-41, under A A Kolosov, would develop the aviation systems of the rocket forces.

== Testing of V-1000 ==

On 29 November 1960 the first attempted intercept of an R-5 IRBM by the V-1000 was fully successful. The anti-ballistic missile passed within the kill radius of the high-explosive fragmentation warhead of the V-1000. But the warhead itself had not completed development and was not installed. The five following intercept attempts were unsuccessful - five R-5's and two V-1000's were expended (three times the system failed to launch the anti-ballistic missile in time):

On 8 December 1960 the system didn't function due to the failure of the 6N55 tube of the central computer.

On 10 December there was a failure of the software to recognize the anti-ballistic missile in flight.

On 17 December there was a failure of the receiving unit of the radar at the command point.

On 23 December there was an error of the operator of the long-range radar.

On 25 December the second stage of the V-1000 failed to ignite.

On 30 December a sixth attempt was planned, but the launches of both the R-5 and V-1000 were scrubbed when the long-range radar couldn't come on line.

1961 began with another string of failures (5 further launches were planned in the first test series). A variety of warheads were wasted in attempting to destroy the incoming missiles. Once, manually, and twice, automatically, the missile made a more-or-less successful intercept. But this was followed by three failures, indicating a great amount of time and effort were needed to develop the intercept method.

On 4 March 1961 the V-1000 achieved a world first - the destruction of the re-entry vehicle of an R-12 IRBM. This was followed by the destruction of an R-5 re-entry vehicle. In all, there were 11 launches with military warheads, plus launches of developmental warheads. The S2TA variant used an infrared-homing self-guiding high-explosive warhead and was designed by Storozhenko at the GOI State Optical Institute in Leningrad. It was capable not only of determining the moment for warhead detonation, but also was capable of guiding the anti-ballistic missile independently using an on-board computer. The R2TA version used a radio-guided explosive warhead, with two types of proximity fuses used to determine the correct moment for warhead detonation. These were the G2TA, a radio ranging system, developed by Bondarenko and an optical system, developed by Emdin at GOI. Flight tests of the V-1000 with a nuclear warhead designed at Chelyabinsk-70 were also carried out.

== Decline of V-1000 ==

As the anti-ballistic missile system reached maturity, a range of anti-ballistic missile countermeasures deployed by the incoming missiles challenged it. These included Verba (inflated decoy warheads); Kaktus (an anti-radar system that generated false targets on the anti-ballistic missile system radars); and Krot (an active jammer). Operation K (including live nuclear-armed target and interceptor missile exercises K1 through K5) tested the effects of nuclear explosions at altitudes of 80 to 300 km on the ability of the anti-ballistic missile system to function. System A demonstrated its ability to continue operation despite the nuclear detonations, although the tests were primarily conducted to obtain scientific data for the design of the next generation of anti-ballistic missiles. At the end of 1961 KB-1 and SKB-30 were transferred to OKB-301 and dedicated to full-time anti-ballistic missile work. In 1966 the developers of System A received the Lenin Prize for their work.

== Radar ==

Dunai 2 early warning radar, RE-1 early warning radar, RE-2 and RE-3 target tracking radars.

== Performance ==

Maximum range: 300 km (180 mi).

Boost Propulsion: Solid rocket.

Cruise Thrust: 102.900 kN (23,133 lbf).

Cruise Thrust: 10,500 kgf.

Cruise engine: S2.726.

Maximum speed: 3,600 kph (2,200 mph).

== See also ==

[[V-400 Dal/SA-5 Griffon]]

[[A-35 Aldan]]

[[ABM-1 Galosh]]

== Sources ==

Encyclopedia Astronautica

Main Page

2019-10-21T16:26:15Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

Welcome to HFUnderground.com, aka the HFU. This site is dedicated to documenting longwave, mediumwave, and shortwave stations, including broadcasters, utility/military stations, pirate radio and spy numbers stations.

'''Be sure to visit the [http://www.hfunderground.com/board/ HF Underground Message Board] for the latest reception reports and news about pirate and other shortwave radio stations.
'''

Everyone who is a radio enthusiast is encouraged to add information to the site. Just become a registered user, and you can start to contribute!

*[[Spy Numbers Stations]]
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'''[[:Category:Main topics]]''':Top level category of articles and images.

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== Internet Relay Chat ==

Many pirate and other radio enthusiasts hang out on the #PirateRadio and #WUNClub IRC (Internet Relay Chat) channels on the StarChat network.
This is a place where you can chat with fellow listeners, as well as share monitoring catches in real time.

Joining the chat is fairly easy. You can use the online chat below until you get an IRC client.
The Java chat requires a browser with Java enabled.

[http://www.starchat.net/chat/?chan=PirateRadio Click here to be taken to the #PirateRadio chat]

[http://www.starchat.net/chat/?chan=WUNClub Click here to be taken to the #WUNClub chat]

[http://www.starchat.net/chat/?chan=mid-atlantic-scan Click here to be taken to the #mid-atlantic-scan chat] (Mid Atlantic VHF/UHF Radio Scanning)

Soviet Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units

2019-10-21T16:26:01Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

This is a list of surface-to-air (SAM) missile systems used by the Soviet Union.

(Note: This list includes only long-range surface to air missiles used in strategic purposes. Tactical-based missiles are excluded)

== Strategic Missile Defense Systems ==
[[Peter Grushin]]

[[V-400 Dal/SA-5 Griffon]]

[[S-400 Triumf/SA-21 Growler]]

[[V-1000/Griffon]]

[[A-35 Aldan]]

[[ABM-1 Galosh]]

== Strategic Radar Systems ==
[[Duga Radar (Russian Woodpecker)]]

[[Dnetsr Radar]]

[[Daryal Radar]]

[[Don-2N Radar]]

[[Dunay Radar]]

[[Voronezh Radar]]

(Note: All sources have come from Encyclopedia Astronautica, Wikipedia, Federation of American Scientists, several military websites, and declassified CIA documents)

Soviet/Russian Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units

2019-10-21T16:25:47Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla: moved Soviet/Russian Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units to Soviet Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units

#REDIRECT [[Soviet Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units]]

Soviet Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units

2019-10-21T16:25:47Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla: moved Soviet/Russian Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units to Soviet Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units

V-400 Dal/SA-5 Griffon

2019-10-21T16:24:29Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

A massive Russian surface-to-air missile. Trials of this long range surface-to-air missile were conducted in 1960-1963 but the project was cancelled after the system failed to down a single target. V-200 missiles were installed in the Dal installations built around Leningrad for the failed missile. In a bit of disinformation, the V-400 was paraded in Moscow, and US intelligence, thinking it was operational, applied the SA-5 designation. The SA-5 code was transferred to the V-200 after the La-400 was cancelled.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Two-stage_V-400_%285V11%29_missile_of_surface-to-air_missile_system_%C2%ABDal%C2%BB_in_Military-historical_Museum_of_Artillery%2C_Engineer_and_Signal_Corps_in_Saint-Petersburg%2C_Russia.jpg/320px-thumbnail.jpg

Specifications: Alternate names: 5V11;Griffon;SA-5;V-400.

Status: Cancelled 1973.

Payload: 250 kg (550 lb).

Gross mass: 8,757 kg (19,305 lb).

Height: 14.20 m (46.50 ft).

Diameter: 0.65 m (2.13 ft).

Span: 2.70 m (8.80 ft).

Apogee: 30 km (18 mi).

== Background and development ==

In 1955, after trials of the S-25 anti-aircraft system and its V-300 surface-to-air missile were completed, Lavochkin and V D Kamykov went directly to Khrushchev and proposed urgent development of a long-range surface-to-air missile system to meet the impending threat from supersonic American cruise missiles and bombers. Such aircraft could be over the populated areas and military installations of the Soviet Baltic and Arctic coasts before existing systems could even react. Code-named Dal, the system was to be capable of engaging 10 targets with 10 surface-to-air missile's simultaneously at ranges of 160 to 180 km. This would 6 to 8 times greater range than the S-25. For such a system, radio command guidance from a central control point was not possible. Each missile would have to be self-homing against its assigned target for the terminal flight phase.

Decree 602-364 of 24 March 1955 instructed MAP, MRTP, and MPSS to develop the Dal multi-target system with the capabilities briefed to Khrushchev. The radar and computers of the system were to be capable of detecting targets at ranges of 300 to 400 km, and then directing the missiles to within 12 to 15 km of the targets, after which the missiles' homing systems would conduct the final intercepts. The range of the missile would be 160 km, and they were to be effective at targets at altitudes from 5 to 20 km flying at speeds of from 1000 to 2000 kph.

The development plan called for completion of breadboard systems by the second quarter of 1956, the first test articles by the first quarter of 1958, and factory trials completed by the second quarter of 1959. Lavochkin's OKB-301 was the prime contractor, with principle subcontractors being:

1. Active radar homing system, A B Sledushkin at NII-17 MRTP,

2. On-board radar, V V Samara,

3. Data link, N I Belov,

4. On-board computer, Bazilevskiy at NIEI MRTP,

5. Liquid propellant engine, Isayev in collaboration with Kosberg,

6. Warhead, V A Sukhikh at KB NII-6 MSKhM,

7. Launcher V P Barmin,

8. Ramjet engine M M Bondaryuk.

OKB-301 Deputy Director M M Pashimin led the team developing the V-400 surface-to-air missile. The V-400 was to be a two-stage rocket with the index 5V11. The rocket itself was to be theoretically capable of intercepting targets flying between 1500 and 3000 kph at altitudes from 5 to 30 km. Development had begun at the beginning of 1955, even before the decree was issued. The Soviet Ministers established the final TTT specification for the system on 17 August 1956 in decree 1148-581. However due to the high level of technical innovation, the draft project was not completed until April 1957. Two variants were proposed, consisting of either two liquid propellant rocket stages, or a rocket booster with a ramjet second stage. Isayev designed the three-chamber booster engine for either design. During trials an alternate solid booster was also tested, which had a shorter burn time and no control of thrust during the boost. This was the PRD-70 designed by I I Kartukov at KB-2 Factory 81.

The rocket-propelled cruise stage engine was the R01-154, which was pump fed and could be throttled from 600 to 6000 kgf. It was designed by S A Kosberg at OKB-154 using his chamber R01-01A (the actual engine used in the prototype rocket was the Isayev S2.713.0400-0. This and follow-on modifications were developed in collaboration between Isayev and Kosberg).

The Zenit baseline active radar homing system for the missile was developed by G M Kunyosiky at NII-17 GKRE, and the competing Raduga design by A B Slepushkin. The latter had a range of 12 to 16 km. The Grif distance ranger developed at NII-504 guided the missile until it was near the target, where the active radar would take over.

The four stabilizers on the boost and cruise stages were not indexed in line, but at 45 degrees to each other (x and +). The missile used a standard guidance program during the boost phase. After jettison of the booster stage, the SAZO SPK guidance system (developed by NII-33 GRU) received radio commands from the ground and translated them to the AP-69B autopilot developed by OKB-923.

The rocket variant had a launch mass of 8757 kg and a length of 13.6 m. The ramjet version had a length of 14.2 m. Both had a wingspan of 2.7 m and a cruise stage diameter of 650 mm. The solid booster stage had an 800 mm diameter. Although 77 rockets were fired during trials, the planned production schedule slipped due to numerous difficulties encountered during testing. Although the initial research work was completed at OKB-301 in mid-1956, it was not until the decree 735-358 of 4 April 1958 that the first schedule for the trials of all system elements working together was established - for the first quarter of 1960. These would take at Area 35 of Area A, 70 to 80 km west of Lake Baikal near Sary Shagan.

The first automated missile launch took place on 30 December 1958. There were 12 launches during 1959, all basically successful, but all with problems of one kind or another. Rockets were being produced at the factory, but without the SAZO (system of active interrogating data link), the associated ground system of command hardware (SPK), or the autopilots. Not a single homing head had been completed. At the beginning of 1960 a special joint committee was formed by MAP and MREP to identify the development and production bottlenecks and find solutions. A May 1960 decree set up a state commission tasked to accelerate the development program. This produced results and in May 1960 the first guided launch was finally made against an aerial target.

During these tests the missiles would be tracked with a cinetheodolite to verify that the rocket was being commanded to within homing range of the warhead. If this could be accomplished, it was felt, successful destruction of the target was almost guaranteed. On 9 June 1960 Lavochkin died unexpectedly and M M Pashinin became Chief Designer of the bureau. Pashinin lacked the standing and authority of Lavochkin, and the fortunes and finances of the bureau rapidly declined. A few specialists from OKB-301 managed to complete four launches of the surface-to-air missile in 1960 with the Zenit-1 homing system, but only two of these reached their target. The planned state trials of the missile, planned for October 1960, were cancelled pending further development tests.

18 launches were made of the V-400 in 1961. Three of these were tests where the warhead-tipped missile was manually guided by test operators to the vicinity of the target, and then allowed to home in on realistic targets. These included a parachute-borne target, a MiG-15 drone, and an Il-28 light bomber drone. The parachute target and the Il-28 were destroyed.

== Dal, the White Elephant ==

By the end of 1962, a total of 57 launches had been made. Factory 82 had planned to complete 30 production rockets in 1961. But due to continued problems with development, all of these had to be scrapped. In parallel construction of the fixed Dal system was begun around Leningrad. But the electronics components of the system were still not mature and the first all-up avionics tests were not conducted until 1962. Even then the first all-up test against an Il-28 was unsuccessful. It seemed the on-board electronics were simply not up to the automatic homing task.

But Dal was too important to the defense of the Soviet Union to cancel. A decree of 4 July 1959 had called for development of the Dal-M system with the V-420 rocket and the Dal-2 with the V-500 rocket. These were to have a radar range of 500 to 600 km, and a missile range of 300 to 400 km against an Il-28 target. A new Raduga homing system would be developed by NII-17 for these missiles. Again alternate cruise stages were planned, either a Bondaryuk ramjet-powered stage or a solid propellant stage powered by a motor by OKB-16 Zuba. The requirement was that a 4000 kph target would have an 80 to 85% probability of being shot down at altitudes from 200 m up to 30 km. Planned trials of the alternate versions of the missile were to be conducted in 1962, of the complete missile system, in 1962, and the all-up missile, including warhead and tracking radars, by the second quarter of 1964.

In contrast to these plans, by 22 October 1962 not a single successful test of the complete basic Dal system had been accomplished. All hardware development was ordered stopped and the V-400 was reduced to a 'paper' missile. The entire project was cancelled in December 1963 and the sites already built around Leningrad were completed with the S-200 system. Throughout the long and costly development of the V-400, not a single target had been shot down in a test of the complete system. The missile concept was just too far ahead of existing Soviet electronics capabilities at the time it started, and during its long development it was overtaken by the S-200, which started later and finished earlier. This was a common situation for other missile projects of the period, in both east and west.

== Performance ==

Maximum range: 160 km (90 mi).

Boost Propulsion: Solid rocket.

Maximum speed: 2,990 kph (1,850 mph).

Minimum range: 150 km (90 mi).

Floor: 5,000 m (16,400 ft).

== See also ==

[[V-1000/Griffon]]

[[A-35 Aldan]]

[[ABM-1 Galosh]]

[[Soviet/Russian Strategic Communication/Warfare Units]]

== Sources ==

Encyclopedia Astronautica, Wikipedia

S-400 Triumf/SA-21 Growler

2019-10-21T16:22:29Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

The S-400 Triumf (Russian: C-400 Триумф, Triumph; NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler), previously known as the S-300 PMU-3, is an anti-aircraft weapon system developed in the 1990s by Russia's Almaz Central Design Bureau as an upgrade of the S-300 family. It has been in service with the Russian Armed Forces since 2007. The S-400 uses four missiles to fill its performance envelope: the very-long-range 40N6 (400 km), the long-range 48N6 (250 km), the medium-range 9M96E2 (120 km) and the short-range 9M96E (40 km). The S-400 was described by The Economist in 2017 as "one of the best air-defence systems currently made".

https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/EA06/production/_105701995_rusmissilescrimgetty29nov18.jpg
https://cdn8.wn.com/ph/img/52/17/1593a62e12bfdc31e6e2973e4fcf-medium.jpg

Specifics: Alternate names 9M96;SA-20;Triumf;Triumph.

Status: Active.

Payload (48N6 missile): 180 kg (390 lb). (9M96 missile): 24 kg (53 lb).

Apogee: 30 km (18 mi).

== Background and development ==

Development of the S-400 system began in the late 1980s, and the system was announced by the Russian Air Force in January 1993. On 12 February 1999 the first, reportedly-successful tests were performed at Kapustin Yar in Astrakhan, and the S-400 was scheduled for deployment by the Russian army in 2001.

In 2003, it became apparent that the system was not ready for deployment. In August, two high-ranking military officials expressed concern that the S-400 was being tested with "obsolete" interceptors from the S-300P system and concluded that it was not ready for deployment. Completion of the project was announced in February 2004, and in April a ballistic missile was successfully intercepted in a test of the upgraded 48N6DM missile. In 2007, the system was approved for service. Russia has accepted for service the 40N6 long-range missile for the S-400 air defence system, a source in the domestic defense industry told TASS news agency in October 2018.

S-400 Triumf and the Pantsir short-range missile system can be integrated into a two-layer defense system.

== S-400 missile system ==

The S-400 featured an unbreakable, unjammable data link from the launcher to the missile in flight. The system consisted of the 48N6E long-range and 9M96 short-range rocket, a multi-target radar, a launcher, and autonomous observation and tracking vehicles. The S-400 was capable of simultaneously tracking and guiding missiles to 12 targets. One SPU launcher had four missile containers; each container could house one 48N6E or four 9M96 surface-to-air missiles. These missiles were not just capable against airborne targets, but also radar stations, command points, strategic bunkers, and re-entry vehicles of intermediate range missies with velocities of up to 4.6 km/s.

The system featured a second launcher with midrange missiles, developed by MKB Fakel, which also would serve as the missile for the naval version of the system. These were capable against aircraft, several types of ballistic missiles, and provided echelon defense of military units.

The standard launcher had four missiles and could be mounted on heavy chassis of MAZ or KRAZ types. The smaller launcher could be mounted on 3-axle KAMAZ chassis. A typical battery would consist of three launchers, and vehicles with the modular guidance and velocity measurement systems. A single SU consisted of a phased array radar. The radar was carried horizontally for transport, then raised vertically when in use.

The missile was guided by an on-board inertial navigation unit with radio command during the cruise phase, and active radar homing in the final approach to the target. The small-dimension missiles used the universal 9M96E and 9M96E2 rockets developed by MKB Fakel. The system was planned for use by both the VVS and VMF. The missile was cold-launched vertically from the launcher, only igniting and arcing over toward the target when clear of the vehicle. The Triumf had an increased zone of military usefulness compared to second or third generation missiles, and featured use of new mathematical techniques and computer equipment.

== Radar ==

Radars: 96L6 target acquisition radar, L band, range 300 km. Target acquisition radar, range 700 km. Grave Stone target tracking radar, I/J band, range 300 km.

== Performance ==

Maximum range: 40km-400km (24.9 to 249 miles).

Boost propulsion: Solid rocket.

Maximum speed (For 48N6 long-range missile): 4,800 m/s (11,000 mph; Mach 14).

Maximum speed (For 48N6 medium-range missile): 2,800 m/s (6,300 mph; Mach 8.2).

Maximum speed (For 9M96 missile): 1,000 m/s (2,200 mph; Mach 2.9).

Minimum range: 1 km (0.6 miles).

Initial operation capability: 2007

Floor: 5 m (16.4 ft).

== See also ==

[[Duga Radar (Russian Woodpecker)]]

[[Dead Hand System]]

Soviet Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units

2019-10-21T16:22:12Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

Main Page

2019-10-21T16:19:16Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

Welcome to HFUnderground.com, aka the HFU. This site is dedicated to documenting longwave, mediumwave, and shortwave stations, including broadcasters, utility/military stations, pirate radio and spy numbers stations.

'''Be sure to visit the [http://www.hfunderground.com/board/ HF Underground Message Board] for the latest reception reports and news about pirate and other shortwave radio stations.
'''

Everyone who is a radio enthusiast is encouraged to add information to the site. Just become a registered user, and you can start to contribute!

*[[Spy Numbers Stations]]
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*[[Soviet/Russian Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units]]
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'''[[:Category:Main topics]]''':Top level category of articles and images.

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== Internet Relay Chat ==

Many pirate and other radio enthusiasts hang out on the #PirateRadio and #WUNClub IRC (Internet Relay Chat) channels on the StarChat network.
This is a place where you can chat with fellow listeners, as well as share monitoring catches in real time.

Joining the chat is fairly easy. You can use the online chat below until you get an IRC client.
The Java chat requires a browser with Java enabled.

[http://www.starchat.net/chat/?chan=PirateRadio Click here to be taken to the #PirateRadio chat]

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Main Page

2019-10-21T16:17:57Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

Welcome to HFUnderground.com, aka the HFU. This site is dedicated to documenting longwave, mediumwave, and shortwave stations, including broadcasters, utility/military stations, pirate radio and spy numbers stations.

'''Be sure to visit the [http://www.hfunderground.com/board/ HF Underground Message Board] for the latest reception reports and news about pirate and other shortwave radio stations.
'''

Everyone who is a radio enthusiast is encouraged to add information to the site. Just become a registered user, and you can start to contribute!

*[[Spy Numbers Stations]]
*[[Soviet/Russian Strategic Communication/Warfare Units]]
*[[Soviet Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units]]
*[[Cuban Intelligence Radio Stations/Operations]]
*[[Pescadores]]
*[[Radio Hobby Related Software]]
*[[Amateur radio|Amateur (ham) radio]]
*[[DXing]]
*[[Pirate radio stations]]
*[[List of Pirate Radio Frequencies|Pirate radio frequencies]]
*[[Pirate radio station email addresses]]
*[[Pirate QSL Collection]]
*[[Pirate Radio New Listener Guide and FAQ]]
*[[:Category:People]]
*[[Signal Identification]]
*[[Shortwave Broadcast Stations]]
*[[Shortwave jammers]]
*[[Shortwave Utility Stations]]
*[[Fixed/Mobile_bands|Fixed/Mobile MF/HF Allocations]]
*[[HF_airband|MF/HF Aircraft Bands Aeronautical Radio]]
*[[MWARA|Major World Air Route Area (MWARA) Frequencies]]
*[[Mediumwave Broadcast Stations]]
*[[Mediumwave Utility Stations]]
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*[[Longwave Utility Stations]]
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*[[CB|CB radio, Freebanding]] and the [[11_meter|11 meter band]]
*[[Community Audio Distribution Service|Community Audio Distribution Service (CADS) and Wireless Public Address System (WPAS) (27 MHz Church Radio)]]
*[[Remote Control]]
*[[HF_pagers|26-28 MHz Data Link Networks and Pagers]]
*[[Miscellaneous]]
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*[[Technical Topics]]
*[[NIST_Digital_Archives|NIST Digital Archives]]
*[[Part_15_Beacons|Part 15 Beacons]]
*[[High Frequency Beacon]]
*Radio Related [[Blogs]]
*[[KiwiSDR]]
*[[LORAN]]

'''[[:Category:Main topics]]''':Top level category of articles and images.

[http://www.hfunderground.com/wiki/Special:Recentchanges?feed=rss Recent Changes RSS Feed]

[http://www.hfunderground.com/wiki/Special:Newpages?feed=rss New Pages RSS Feed]

== Internet Relay Chat ==

Many pirate and other radio enthusiasts hang out on the #PirateRadio and #WUNClub IRC (Internet Relay Chat) channels on the StarChat network.
This is a place where you can chat with fellow listeners, as well as share monitoring catches in real time.

Joining the chat is fairly easy. You can use the online chat below until you get an IRC client.
The Java chat requires a browser with Java enabled.

[http://www.starchat.net/chat/?chan=PirateRadio Click here to be taken to the #PirateRadio chat]

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Soviet Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units

2019-10-21T16:17:16Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

This is a list of surface-to-air (SAM) missile systems used by the Soviet Union and Russia.

(Note: This list includes only long-range surface to air missiles used in strategic purposes. Tactical-based missiles are excluded)

[[Peter Grushin]]

[[V-400 Dal/SA-5 Griffon]]

[[S-400 Triumf/SA-21 Growler]]

[[V-1000/Griffon]]

[[A-35 Aldan]]

[[ABM-1 Galosh]]

== Background ==

Perhaps no missiles ever produced had as much historical influence as the surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union. Originally conceived to provide a defense against the American bomber fleets of the early Cold War, they decisively affected the turn of events when they shot down American U-2 reconnaissance aircraft over Russia and Cuba. Soviet-provided missiles accounted for a hundred American aircraft over North Vietnam and set the terms of the air battle. A new generation of missiles presented a huge technological surprise and took an awful toll of Israeli aircraft in the 1973 war. To this day, Russian surface-to-air missiles provide the only defense available to most countries against American bombers, and Russian man-portable anti-aircraft missiles are a major part of the terrorist threat.

Until the fall of the Soviet Union, Russian missiles were only known in public by the designations assigned by the Western military. Since the 1990, the true designations and technical details of these missiles have become known. Not unsurprisingly, a large number of missiles that never reached production of which the West was unaware have also been described. Here all of the previously-secret details of these four generations of weapons are presented. There were huge failed projects that reached the hardware stage - Dal and V-1000. There were plans for enormous equivalents to the American Bomarc and British Bloodhound missiles. All appear.

Sergei Korolev made the first Russian experiments with surface-to-air missiles before World War II, but his imprisonment ended further work. During the war the Red Army experimented with use of Katyusha rockets as anti-aircraft barrage rockets.

After victory in Europe, Stalin ordered that German surface-to-air missiles be put into production. Teams were established headed by Sinilshchikov (Wasserfall = R-101, R-108, R-109), Rashkov (Schmetterling = R-102, R-112, R-117), and Kostin (Taifun = R-103, R-110). Isayev led the team developing Soviet storable liquid engine technology from German originals.

Within four years missiles were in flight test but it was found that the Germans themselves had not solved the guidance problem. Finally Stalin ordered his secret police chief, Beria, to conduct a ruthless crash program to solve the problem of the defense of Moscow against American bombers. Beria's son worked in an existing missile design bureau, headed by Kuksenko. Beria established absolute priorities, and exploited Russian and German engineer-prisoners. The KB-1 bureau developed the S-25 air defense system in record time. In 1953, two years from the start, tests were being conducted against crewed copies of B-29 bombers and sites around Moscow had gone into operation. This first production Soviet missile was known to the West as the SA-1 Guild.

Following Stalin's death, surface-to-air missile development returned to more standard Soviet practice. Kuksenko and Beria's son were removed from their posts and competing design bureau were designated to design the next generation of missiles.

Design and development of most of the missiles used with air defense systems over the forty years that followed was accomplished by [[Peter Grushin|Petyr Dmitrevich Grushin]] (the organization later known as Fakel MKB) Beginning with his 32B alternate to the S-25, Grushin developed a series of missiles that were the bane of American and Israeli pilots during the cold war - the S-75 (SA-2 and SA-N-2 Guideline), S-125 (SA-3 and SA-N-1 Goa), S-200 (SA-5 Gammon), S-300 (SA-10 and SA-N-6 Grumble), Shkval (SA-N-3 Goblet), Osa (SA-8 and SA-N-4 Gecko), Tor (SA-15 and SA-N-9 Gauntlet), S-300 (SA-10 and SA-N-6 Grumble). Grushin also provided the exo-atmospheric interceptor missiles for the V-1000, A-350 (ABM-1), and A-135 (ABM-3) anti-ballistic missile systems. At the time of Grushin's death on 29 November 1993, MKB Fakel had produced over 16 basic types of surface-to-air missile, 30 modernizations of these basic versions, and exported missiles to over 50 countries.

Other design teams that entered the missile design business over the years included those headed by:

L V Lyulev (at OKB-8 GKAT, later EMKB Novator named for L V Lyulev), responsible for the unique Krug (SA-4 Gainful) ramjet-powered missile, and later the super-high acceleration missiles for the A-135, Buk (SA-11 Gadfly), and S-300V (SA-12 Giant/Gladiator) systems.
Lavochkin (OKB-301), responsible for the missiles for the original S-25 system. The bureau got out of the surface-to-air missile field after the disastrous Dal program in the early 1960's
A I Lyapin (KB-82 Factory 134 GKAT, later GosMKB Vympel) responsible for the unique Kub (SA-6 Gainful) missile
Different firms developed the overall anti-aircraft and anti-ballistic missile systems themselves, as opposed to the missiles that were part of those systems. This meant that air defense systems developed by different bureaus could use the same missile. Leading system designers were:

The KB-1 design team responsible for the S-25 stayed in place, headed by Aleksandr Andreyevich Raspletin (1954-1967) and Boris V. Bunkin (1968-2000). Later known as Almaz TsKB, they were responsible for overall system design and integration for the S-75 (SA-2 Guideline), S-125 (SA-3 Goa), S-200 (SA-5 Gammon), and S-300 (SA-10 Grumble) missile systems for the Army and PVO Air Defence Forces.
The Altair State Design bureau was responsible for all naval air defense systems development. They early on determined that only solid propellant rockets were suitable for naval use.

V V Tikhomirov at OKB-11 GKAT (later NIIP Priborostroeniya named for V V Tikhomirov) developed the Kub (SA-6 Gainful) and Buk (SA-11 Gadfly) land-mobile missile systems

V P Efremov at NII-20 GKRE (later NIEMI, later Antey NPO) entered the field with the Krug (SA-4 Gainful) ramjet-powered long-range surface-to-air missile. Antey later engineered the Osa single-vehicle air defense system, and then the new generation Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) and S-300V(SA-12 Giant/Gladiator) systems.

A group dedicated to anti-ballistic missile systems, known today as Vympel TsNPO, broke off from KB-1 in 1968.
For development of man-portable and small vehicle-mounted air defense systems (often integrating guns and missiles) traditional Army integrators entered the missile development system in the 1960's - Nudelman and Nepobidimy.
Follow the links above to understand the history, development problems, and performance of each of these systems.

(Note: All sources have come from Encyclopedia Astronautica, Wikipedia, Federation of American Scientists, several military websites, and declassified CIA documents)

Soviet Strategic Aerial/Electronic Defense Units

2019-10-21T16:13:56Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

This is a list of surface-to-air (SAM) missile systems used by the Soviet Union and Russia.

(Note: This list includes only long-range surface to air missiles used in strategic purposes. Tactical-based missiles are excluded)

[[Peter Grushin]]

[[S-200 Angara/SA-5 Gammon]]

[[V-400 Dal/SA-5 Griffon]]

[[S-400 Triumf/SA-21 Growler]]

[[V-1000/Griffon]]

[[A-35 Aldan]]

[[ABM-1 Galosh]]

== Background ==

Perhaps no missiles ever produced had as much historical influence as the surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union. Originally conceived to provide a defense against the American bomber fleets of the early Cold War, they decisively affected the turn of events when they shot down American U-2 reconnaissance aircraft over Russia and Cuba. Soviet-provided missiles accounted for a hundred American aircraft over North Vietnam and set the terms of the air battle. A new generation of missiles presented a huge technological surprise and took an awful toll of Israeli aircraft in the 1973 war. To this day, Russian surface-to-air missiles provide the only defense available to most countries against American bombers, and Russian man-portable anti-aircraft missiles are a major part of the terrorist threat.

Until the fall of the Soviet Union, Russian missiles were only known in public by the designations assigned by the Western military. Since the 1990, the true designations and technical details of these missiles have become known. Not unsurprisingly, a large number of missiles that never reached production of which the West was unaware have also been described. Here all of the previously-secret details of these four generations of weapons are presented. There were huge failed projects that reached the hardware stage - Dal and V-1000. There were plans for enormous equivalents to the American Bomarc and British Bloodhound missiles. All appear.

Sergei Korolev made the first Russian experiments with surface-to-air missiles before World War II, but his imprisonment ended further work. During the war the Red Army experimented with use of Katyusha rockets as anti-aircraft barrage rockets.

After victory in Europe, Stalin ordered that German surface-to-air missiles be put into production. Teams were established headed by Sinilshchikov (Wasserfall = R-101, R-108, R-109), Rashkov (Schmetterling = R-102, R-112, R-117), and Kostin (Taifun = R-103, R-110). Isayev led the team developing Soviet storable liquid engine technology from German originals.

Within four years missiles were in flight test but it was found that the Germans themselves had not solved the guidance problem. Finally Stalin ordered his secret police chief, Beria, to conduct a ruthless crash program to solve the problem of the defense of Moscow against American bombers. Beria's son worked in an existing missile design bureau, headed by Kuksenko. Beria established absolute priorities, and exploited Russian and German engineer-prisoners. The KB-1 bureau developed the S-25 air defense system in record time. In 1953, two years from the start, tests were being conducted against crewed copies of B-29 bombers and sites around Moscow had gone into operation. This first production Soviet missile was known to the West as the SA-1 Guild.

Following Stalin's death, surface-to-air missile development returned to more standard Soviet practice. Kuksenko and Beria's son were removed from their posts and competing design bureau were designated to design the next generation of missiles.

Design and development of most of the missiles used with air defense systems over the forty years that followed was accomplished by [[Peter Grushin|Petyr Dmitrevich Grushin]] (the organization later known as Fakel MKB) Beginning with his 32B alternate to the S-25, Grushin developed a series of missiles that were the bane of American and Israeli pilots during the cold war - the S-75 (SA-2 and SA-N-2 Guideline), S-125 (SA-3 and SA-N-1 Goa), S-200 (SA-5 Gammon), S-300 (SA-10 and SA-N-6 Grumble), Shkval (SA-N-3 Goblet), Osa (SA-8 and SA-N-4 Gecko), Tor (SA-15 and SA-N-9 Gauntlet), S-300 (SA-10 and SA-N-6 Grumble). Grushin also provided the exo-atmospheric interceptor missiles for the V-1000, A-350 (ABM-1), and A-135 (ABM-3) anti-ballistic missile systems. At the time of Grushin's death on 29 November 1993, MKB Fakel had produced over 16 basic types of surface-to-air missile, 30 modernizations of these basic versions, and exported missiles to over 50 countries.

Other design teams that entered the missile design business over the years included those headed by:

L V Lyulev (at OKB-8 GKAT, later EMKB Novator named for L V Lyulev), responsible for the unique Krug (SA-4 Gainful) ramjet-powered missile, and later the super-high acceleration missiles for the A-135, Buk (SA-11 Gadfly), and S-300V (SA-12 Giant/Gladiator) systems.
Lavochkin (OKB-301), responsible for the missiles for the original S-25 system. The bureau got out of the surface-to-air missile field after the disastrous Dal program in the early 1960's
A I Lyapin (KB-82 Factory 134 GKAT, later GosMKB Vympel) responsible for the unique Kub (SA-6 Gainful) missile
Different firms developed the overall anti-aircraft and anti-ballistic missile systems themselves, as opposed to the missiles that were part of those systems. This meant that air defense systems developed by different bureaus could use the same missile. Leading system designers were:

The KB-1 design team responsible for the S-25 stayed in place, headed by Aleksandr Andreyevich Raspletin (1954-1967) and Boris V. Bunkin (1968-2000). Later known as Almaz TsKB, they were responsible for overall system design and integration for the S-75 (SA-2 Guideline), S-125 (SA-3 Goa), S-200 (SA-5 Gammon), and S-300 (SA-10 Grumble) missile systems for the Army and PVO Air Defence Forces.
The Altair State Design bureau was responsible for all naval air defense systems development. They early on determined that only solid propellant rockets were suitable for naval use.

V V Tikhomirov at OKB-11 GKAT (later NIIP Priborostroeniya named for V V Tikhomirov) developed the Kub (SA-6 Gainful) and Buk (SA-11 Gadfly) land-mobile missile systems

V P Efremov at NII-20 GKRE (later NIEMI, later Antey NPO) entered the field with the Krug (SA-4 Gainful) ramjet-powered long-range surface-to-air missile. Antey later engineered the Osa single-vehicle air defense system, and then the new generation Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) and S-300V(SA-12 Giant/Gladiator) systems.

A group dedicated to anti-ballistic missile systems, known today as Vympel TsNPO, broke off from KB-1 in 1968.
For development of man-portable and small vehicle-mounted air defense systems (often integrating guns and missiles) traditional Army integrators entered the missile development system in the 1960's - Nudelman and Nepobidimy.
Follow the links above to understand the history, development problems, and performance of each of these systems.

(Note: All sources have come from Encyclopedia Astronautica, Wikipedia, Federation of American Scientists, several military websites, and declassified CIA documents)

Grenade

2019-10-21T16:06:13Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

The '''Grenade''' was a legendary transmitter built by [[Radio Animal]], the operator of [[WKND]]. It was sold to a number of pirate radio operators in the early 1990's. It is unknown how many were constructed.

The Grenade was a 10 watt, single-band, [[crystal]] controlled [[AM]] transmitter for use on 41 meters. Radio Animal used several interesting techniques, particularly with regards to modulation. He also went to great lengths to obscure part numbers and values.

Radio Animal disappeared from the pirate scene not long after completing a number of these transmitters. They have become prized, and many operators have gone to great lengths to reverse engineer or construct similar circuits. One such circuit is the [[Corsair]] by [[Dave Martin]].

Grenade clones have successfully been built by [[Channel Z Radio]], [[Ground Zero Radio]], and [[WAZU]].

== Grenade history ==

2003 marks the 10th year of the Grenade radio. The first Grenade was built in Texas USA from surplus and bought parts, early in [[1993]].

The idea had its base in an amateur [[QRP]] transmitter called the "Two-fer" that Sparky of [[K-Zap radio]] had built in the late 1980s. This one watt kit was intended for Morse code use, and it didn't have a modulator circuit, but it was a complete shortwave transmitter on a 2 by 3 inch circuit board. Radio Animal modified the Two-fer and added a one transistor series modulator, then put it all in a small metal project box with audio and antenna connections to the outside. It wasn't perfect, but the concept of a one box, 12 volt transistorized transmitter got its start with that little rig.

Awhile later, a new design was started, and this time it was fully based on the classic and dependable high level modulation technique that AM broadcast transmitters have used for years.

The first shortwave Grenade type transmitter was built for the 20 meter band, where crystals were available for testing, and because it was suggested that a higher frequency band might be a better choice for portable operation. Smaller antennas used at the higher frequencies can be easier to store and transport, and less height is needed to mount them, and yet still get an effective signal in the air. The case for this first Grenade was a used aluminum box that had been the former home of an FM amplifier.

At testing stage, the beta version of this transmitter's radio frequency section was built on a 2x2 inch copper clad circuit board, using point to point wiring, and very tight construction! For testing, a voltmeter, ammeter, and a field-strength meter with a probe was used to measure the [[RF]] signals at different points of the circuit.

One of the plans was to do away with any kind of external modulator, because a single unit transmitter would be more reliable, easier to use, and it would get rid of extra connections in the system.

The modulator, which is an audio amplifier circuit that adds sound to the station's signal, had to put out about 10 watts and operate from the same 12 volt supply as the transmitter. We looked at schematics from [[CB]] radios, intercoms, and bullhorns for design ideas, but those weren't quite right. New autosound systems operate from 12 volts, and the output stages are integrated circuits, so that would avoid having to build an entire modulator from seperate parts.

There were no new autosound output ICs available in the lab at the time, so a junk car radio was opened, one of the output sections was circuit-traced and written as a schematic, carefully removed from the radio, and then rebuilt on a seperate circuit board as a potential modulator for the Grenade. It worked well, after some modifications.

The car stereo was rated at 14 watts per channel, with outputs that were operated in bridged mode (balanced). This is an excellent direction to take for a simple modulator in this application, because it gives more audio headroom, so the same IC can be used as a modulator for higher power transmitters too. Many servo motor driver ICs could also be adapted for use in this circuit as well. Current 40 meter Grenades don't use this type of modulator, because after tests, it wasn't seen as necessary for a 10 watt RF output.

The first test broadcast with the completed transmitter was done in late May 1993. The show was [[The Voice of the Unknown Ghettoblaster]] at 14975 Khz, playing music by Ice Cube and other Rap, along with announcements and funny comments by the operators about the [[FCC]] chasing after the station, which was broadcasting from the middle of the ghetto. The claimed location of 'Ghettoblaster couldn't have been further from the truth of where it really was broadcasting from! The test station's name was really appropriate, because it's unknown whether the broadcast was heard by anyone except the operators..

[http://www.angelfire.com/bc/radio/history.html History Source]

[http://worldwidedirt.tripod.com/gproject.html] (Grenade Radio site)

[[http://www.angelfire.com/bc/radio/radio8.jpg]]

[[File:Grenade tx.png]] (Circuitboard of a Grenade)

== See also ==

*[http://www.angelfire.com/bc/radio/ http://www.angelfire.com/bc/radio/]
*[http://worldwidedirt.tripod.com/gproject.html http://worldwidedirt.tripod.com/gproject.html]
*[http://www.geocities.ws/radio107mhz/ http://www.geocities.ws/radio107mhz/]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20041205041030/http://www.pirateradio.us/ http://web.archive.org/web/20041205041030/http://www.pirateradio.us/]

[[Category: Transmitters|Pirateradio esoterica]]

DGI

2019-10-21T15:58:01Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

The Intelligence Directorate (Spanish: Dirección de Inteligencia, DI), commonly known as G2 and, until 1989, named Dirección General de Inteligencia ('''DGI'''), is the main state intelligence agency of the government of Cuba. The DI was founded in late 1961 by Cuba's Ministry of the Interior shortly after the Cuban Revolution. The DI is responsible for all foreign intelligence collection and comprises six divisions divided into two categories, which are the Operational Divisions and the Support Divisions.

== History ==

Prior to 1997, DGI ran voice station V02 and morse station M08. In 1997, they were replaced by V02a and M08a with evolved formats. In 2006, DGI started experimenting with various amateur radio PSK digital modes, sending messages still based on 5-figure groups. Then starting in late 2007, the RDFT mode provided by the DIGTRX software was used to transmit encrypted files, as the station SK01. In 2012, they introduced the hybrid HM01 station, combining the analog voice of V02a and the digital RDFT transfers of SK01. HM01 then replaced SK01 and V02a schedules. It is currently the DGI station sending the most traffic, transmitting basically all day every day.

== Binding characteristics of DGI-operated stations ==

HM01 features the same voice as V02a. Sometimes V02a appears on M08a schedules and transmits instead of it. SK01 and HM01 have used digital modes provided by the same DIGTRX software.

DGI lets through many crossing leaks between different signals. On M08a schedules, sometimes M08a and V02a are heard mixed and modulated together; sometimes instead HM01 is heard through. Radio Habana Cuba has also been occasionally heard on HM01 schedules.

== Operation quirks ==

DGI numbers station operations are notoriously unreliable and ridden with mistakes. On top of the crossing audio feeds, Windows XP system sounds are leaked through too. HM01 transmissions usually start at the wrong time, a few minutes too early, and get restarted after a few minutes. M08a and V02a transmissions schedules are only indicative. Sometimes two overlapping HM01 transmissions are sent at the same time on the same frequency. Sometimes HM01 keeps transmitting on the same frequency as the previous hour, instead of switching to the correct frequency for the current hour. Sometimes HM01 is left on after the end of its scheduled broadcast day, and is leaked through an M08a channel.

== DGI-operated station locations ==

According to many sources, both Cuban and foreign, the main Cuban number station, V2, resides in Guineo. Several others are located within and on the outskirts of Havana. One DGI-operated station was reportedly located in Jinotega, Nicaragua.

(Sources courtesy of Priyom, Wikipedia, and several anonymous Cuban sources)

== See also ==

* [[Arnie Coro]]
* [[Pedro]]
* [[V2]]
* [[HM01]]
* [[Havana Moon]]

DGI

2019-10-21T15:57:43Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

The Intelligence Directorate (Spanish: Dirección de Inteligencia, DI), commonly known as G2 and, until 1989, named Dirección General de Inteligencia ('''DGI'''),[3] is the main state intelligence agency of the government of Cuba. The DI was founded in late 1961 by Cuba's Ministry of the Interior shortly after the Cuban Revolution. The DI is responsible for all foreign intelligence collection and comprises six divisions divided into two categories, which are the Operational Divisions and the Support Divisions.

== History ==

Prior to 1997, DGI ran voice station V02 and morse station M08. In 1997, they were replaced by V02a and M08a with evolved formats. In 2006, DGI started experimenting with various amateur radio PSK digital modes, sending messages still based on 5-figure groups. Then starting in late 2007, the RDFT mode provided by the DIGTRX software was used to transmit encrypted files, as the station SK01. In 2012, they introduced the hybrid HM01 station, combining the analog voice of V02a and the digital RDFT transfers of SK01. HM01 then replaced SK01 and V02a schedules. It is currently the DGI station sending the most traffic, transmitting basically all day every day.

== Binding characteristics of DGI-operated stations ==

HM01 features the same voice as V02a. Sometimes V02a appears on M08a schedules and transmits instead of it. SK01 and HM01 have used digital modes provided by the same DIGTRX software.

DGI lets through many crossing leaks between different signals. On M08a schedules, sometimes M08a and V02a are heard mixed and modulated together; sometimes instead HM01 is heard through. Radio Habana Cuba has also been occasionally heard on HM01 schedules.

== Operation quirks ==

DGI numbers station operations are notoriously unreliable and ridden with mistakes. On top of the crossing audio feeds, Windows XP system sounds are leaked through too. HM01 transmissions usually start at the wrong time, a few minutes too early, and get restarted after a few minutes. M08a and V02a transmissions schedules are only indicative. Sometimes two overlapping HM01 transmissions are sent at the same time on the same frequency. Sometimes HM01 keeps transmitting on the same frequency as the previous hour, instead of switching to the correct frequency for the current hour. Sometimes HM01 is left on after the end of its scheduled broadcast day, and is leaked through an M08a channel.

== DGI-operated station locations ==

According to many sources, both Cuban and foreign, the main Cuban number station, V2, resides in Guineo. Several others are located within and on the outskirts of Havana. One DGI-operated station was reportedly located in Jinotega, Nicaragua.

(Sources courtesy of Priyom, Wikipedia, and several anonymous Cuban sources)

== See also ==

* [[Arnie Coro]]
* [[Pedro]]
* [[V2]]
* [[HM01]]
* [[Havana Moon]]

Radio Azteca

2019-08-01T02:39:54Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[Image:Qsl10.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Radio Azteca QSL]][[File:unnamed (1).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Radio Azteca QSL]][[Radio Azteca]], a prolific [[pirate radio station]] hosted by [[Bram Stoker]], was known for it's fast paced presentation and comedy bits. Listener mail, handled by "Monique the sultry mailwoman", was read over the air. The station requested "excruciatingly detailed reception reports". Top Ten lists were frequently presented. Radio Azteca programs were always preceded and followed by an interval signal of the dulcet tones of the Rocky and Bullwinkle theme. The opening theme music was Sheba by Johnny and the Hurricanes.

Radio Azteca exploded onto the pirate scene in 1992. The station was an excellently produced and written pirate station that excelled in parody with jokes and news of DX'ers that was widely heard all across the U.S., Canada and Europe. A number of its programs were aired by NAPRS and Radio Doomsday. The main announcer is Bram Stoker (who apparently DXs on the side) who assembled short high-quality programs of fake radio news, tips and commercials. One of the most popular features of Radio Azteca was the "Top 10 Lists" for such things as: "top 10 ways to piss off a DX'er", "top 10 reasons a numbers station exists", "Top 10 DX'er pick up lines" and "you might be a DX'er if". Ask Dr. Radio and "Mail Scrotum" (Mailbag) were popular features on his broadcasts and always contained a lot of quips, jabs, yuks, and laughs. The broadcasts use the trumpet fanfare from Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoons as an interval signal. Taking into consideration the quality of the programs, news, content and fast QSL response, Radio Azteca has been a favorite of DX'ers for many years. Radio Azteca was one of the very technical high quality stations of the mid-90's that changed the face of Pirate Radio. They used both the Wellsville, NY, and Blue Ridge Summit, PA, maildrops for QSL correspondence.

In 2010 Radio Azteca was among the first stations inducted into the [http://sites.google.com/site/napiratehof/2010-inductees/radio-azteca North American Pirate Radio Hall of Fame].

== See also ==

*[[KULP]]

[[Category: Pirate radio stations]]
[[Category:North American Pirate Radio Hall of Fame]]

Radio Azteca

2019-08-01T02:39:29Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[Image:Qsl10.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Radio Azteca QSL]][[File:unnamed (1).jpg]][[Radio Azteca]], a prolific [[pirate radio station]] hosted by [[Bram Stoker]], was known for it's fast paced presentation and comedy bits. Listener mail, handled by "Monique the sultry mailwoman", was read over the air. The station requested "excruciatingly detailed reception reports". Top Ten lists were frequently presented. Radio Azteca programs were always preceded and followed by an interval signal of the dulcet tones of the Rocky and Bullwinkle theme. The opening theme music was Sheba by Johnny and the Hurricanes.

Radio Azteca exploded onto the pirate scene in 1992. The station was an excellently produced and written pirate station that excelled in parody with jokes and news of DX'ers that was widely heard all across the U.S., Canada and Europe. A number of its programs were aired by NAPRS and Radio Doomsday. The main announcer is Bram Stoker (who apparently DXs on the side) who assembled short high-quality programs of fake radio news, tips and commercials. One of the most popular features of Radio Azteca was the "Top 10 Lists" for such things as: "top 10 ways to piss off a DX'er", "top 10 reasons a numbers station exists", "Top 10 DX'er pick up lines" and "you might be a DX'er if". Ask Dr. Radio and "Mail Scrotum" (Mailbag) were popular features on his broadcasts and always contained a lot of quips, jabs, yuks, and laughs. The broadcasts use the trumpet fanfare from Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoons as an interval signal. Taking into consideration the quality of the programs, news, content and fast QSL response, Radio Azteca has been a favorite of DX'ers for many years. Radio Azteca was one of the very technical high quality stations of the mid-90's that changed the face of Pirate Radio. They used both the Wellsville, NY, and Blue Ridge Summit, PA, maildrops for QSL correspondence.

In 2010 Radio Azteca was among the first stations inducted into the [http://sites.google.com/site/napiratehof/2010-inductees/radio-azteca North American Pirate Radio Hall of Fame].

== See also ==

*[[KULP]]

[[Category: Pirate radio stations]]
[[Category:North American Pirate Radio Hall of Fame]]

File:Unnamed (1).jpg

2019-08-01T02:38:44Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

Radio Azteca

2019-08-01T02:38:23Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[Image:Qsl10.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Radio Azteca QSL]][[Radio Azteca]], a prolific [[pirate radio station]] hosted by [[Bram Stoker]], was known for it's fast paced presentation and comedy bits. Listener mail, handled by "Monique the sultry mailwoman", was read over the air. The station requested "excruciatingly detailed reception reports". Top Ten lists were frequently presented. Radio Azteca programs were always preceded and followed by an interval signal of the dulcet tones of the Rocky and Bullwinkle theme. The opening theme music was Sheba by Johnny and the Hurricanes.

Radio Azteca exploded onto the pirate scene in 1992. The station was an excellently produced and written pirate station that excelled in parody with jokes and news of DX'ers that was widely heard all across the U.S., Canada and Europe. A number of its programs were aired by NAPRS and Radio Doomsday. The main announcer is Bram Stoker (who apparently DXs on the side) who assembled short high-quality programs of fake radio news, tips and commercials. One of the most popular features of Radio Azteca was the "Top 10 Lists" for such things as: "top 10 ways to piss off a DX'er", "top 10 reasons a numbers station exists", "Top 10 DX'er pick up lines" and "you might be a DX'er if". Ask Dr. Radio and "Mail Scrotum" (Mailbag) were popular features on his broadcasts and always contained a lot of quips, jabs, yuks, and laughs. The broadcasts use the trumpet fanfare from Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoons as an interval signal. Taking into consideration the quality of the programs, news, content and fast QSL response, Radio Azteca has been a favorite of DX'ers for many years. Radio Azteca was one of the very technical high quality stations of the mid-90's that changed the face of Pirate Radio. They used both the Wellsville, NY, and Blue Ridge Summit, PA, maildrops for QSL correspondence.

In 2010 Radio Azteca was among the first stations inducted into the [http://sites.google.com/site/napiratehof/2010-inductees/radio-azteca North American Pirate Radio Hall of Fame].

== See also ==

*[[KULP]]

[[Category: Pirate radio stations]]
[[Category:North American Pirate Radio Hall of Fame]]

Orbital Mind Control Satellite

2019-07-29T00:06:47Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[File:Orbital Mind Control Satellite.jpg|thumb|right|Orbital Mind Control Satellite's QSL]]

Orbital Mind Control Satellite is a pirate shortwave radio station which was active from 1991 to 1998, returning to the air in 2014.
The idea for the station was originally conceived by members of a techno-rock band wishing to broadcast their music during raves as well as directions to the venue. The band's fortunes quickly went the way of the rave scene, though the concept of transmitting a radio program still held their interest. It was during this time that they began to acquire old ham gear and experiment with antenna systems. In 1991 they began transmitting and shortly afterward secured a maildrop (Belfast NY) for QSL's.
In the late 90's, they briefly experimented with broadcasting on the AM radio dial but abandoned this mode after destroying a Viking Valiant transmitter. Soon afterwards, their main transmitter died and while it was being repaired, they agreed to allow a relay of the OMCS. The relay was not, however, broadcast in it's original form. The relay operators decided to add their own commentary and edit the OMCS tape. The result was disheartening for OMCS and with rapid internet communication looming, they decided to call it quits in late 1998.

In 2005 one of the old transmitters, (FT101) was unboxed after a move and a test was made.Much to their surprise, the short test was heard and recorded by a shortwave listener calling himself "Sealord"

In 2014 the station returned with it's original members and occasional guests. The takeover of planet Earth by beings from the Crab Nebula is still the main theme, sponsored by the intergalactic Tea company and still fighting the dreaded "Plutonium Underground", a fiendish cabal of politicians, religious broadcasters, corporate thugs and fascist ham radio enthusiasts who jam their signals. The two main hosts are the Friendly Overlord, representative from the Crab Nebula Conglomerate and Niavi, shaman Queen from Venus, a rare female pirate operator. Embedded in the broadcast are special frequencies and tones which are reported to open the third eye. During the shows there are clues given about finding the address of their website.

Soviet/Russian Strategic Communication/Warfare Units

2019-07-28T01:16:33Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

This is a collection of Soviet/Russian military numbers stations, communication units, HF units, and strategic weapons in relation with HF.

[[UVB-76 (The Buzzer)]]

[[Duga Radar (Russian Woodpecker)]]

[[Dead Hand System]]

[[The Russian Man (RU6)]]

[[8S1Shch (The Pip)]]

[[The Squeaky Wheel]]

[[Okhvat-98 (The Goose)]]

[[Katok-65]]

[[The Air Horn]]

[[Fazan-37 (D Marker)]]

[[Osnova-98 (T Marker)]]

[[Mikron-79/Uha-12]]

The Russian Man (RU6)

2019-07-28T01:16:07Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[Image:Priyom.png|thumb|right]]

Although this operator is not identified, it is believed to be a Russian intelligence agency with big resources, who can support development and operation of many modes and schedules transmitting from several sites, including operations based in Moscow, the Russian Far East, and Cuba.

Voice stations of this operator support a wide choice of language:

English (E06, E17)

German (G06)

Russian ([[S06]])

Spanish (V06)

French (V23)

The last two ones, although inactive, are still maintained, possibly kept available for being brought back into operation. V06 was heard in test transmissions as late as 2016. V23 received new, male voice samples as early as 2010, and was heard in test transmissions in 2016 and 2017.

It also supports several speeds for its morse station M14, high-speed versions of which are sometimes referred to as M24.

Finally, it runs widespread regularly scheduled operations of several high-speed, advanced digital modes supporting redundant integrity features and versatile modular encapsulation layers, among which at least F01 and F06 are identified and understood.

The 5-figure-group messages carried by the digital modes share the same metadata header as the presumed Russian diplomatic transmissions known under M42, formerly operated by FAPSI. Links or infrastructure sharing between these agencies seem possible.

== Format ==

Analog stations (voice and morse) follow the same identical format.

The 00000 outro is a characteristic format feature unique to this operator. It is present in the analog format, and also most deliberately in the digital F01, which uses a dedicated padding character but still includes one 00000 outro group. It is also present in F06, which uses 0-digit padding but always includes at least a whole five-0 group as outro, and counts four 00000 5-figure groups in null messages.
Postambles repeating metadata already given in the preamble are another feature which, among currently active stations only this time, is particular to this operator. The analog format has a preamble and a postamble that are identical and contain a number unique to the message transmitted, followed by the group count. Digital formats similarly feature a 5-group metadata header and a postamble repeating the serial number of the message transmitted, followed by the group count.

This operator exhibits a variant following a special format, known as E06a and S06b for analog stations, and also observed in F01 and F06 transmissions.

== Scheduling and operating habits ==

The analog stations follow the common habit of sending a repeat transmission on a different frequency one hour after the initial transmission. Digital stations follow the common habit of sending two repeat transmissions on different frequencies, spaced by 10 minutes, after the initial transmission.

Transmissions that send traffic, i.e. not a null message, are repeated on the next day at the same times on the same frequencies. This is a characteristic scheduling feature unique to this operator.

Digital stations share the operational characteristic of repeating the message contents in an automated loop for approximately 7 minutes. This is in contrast to some Russian diplomatic transmissions (M42) that share format similarities with this numbers station operator, but however do not exhibit this automated looping behavior.

Analog stations share the obscure operational habit of maintaining schedules that only send obviously fake messages. These fake messages sometimes contain obviously non-random numbers, or sometimes repeat some same old identical contents that has been seen on these schedules for years. Sometimes the same known fake message is even reused across the different stations.

== Grouped transmissions ==

During some tests of this operator, the different voice stations appear successively on the same frequency during the same transmission, sending similar test contents.
Similarly, digital stations share test frequencies.
On December 5th, 2017, transmissions took place on the test frequency 8140 kHz: two test messages of S06 ID 975 were repeated several times throughout the day, and among them, one F01 null message was also transmitted. S06 voice was transmitted in J3E mode without a carrier, but when it wasn't transmitting, a carrier regularly appeared, alternating between centered on 8140 kHz, and shifted down 250 Hz ready to transmit F01.
Every weekday, a group of stations transmit over the Pacific area, each transmission at the top of a successive hour. This peculiar Pacific weekdays network groups together stations F01, F06, S06 and M14.

E06 ID 832 occasionally appears as an analog replacement on the schedule of F06 ID 50046, and transmits in place of it, exhibiting the non-OTP message features specific to this schedule.
Conversely, E06 ID 537 was replaced by F01 transmissions at least once.

Two sporadic transmission schedules have also seemingly seen similar replacements: F06 ID 90017 by S06 ID 348, and F01 1945z by E06 ID 734.
M14 ID 381 and F06 ID 20021 shared the same weekly schedule, using the same times and frequencies: M14 would send on weeks 1 and 3, and F06 would send on weeks 2 and 4. This schedule was very active with both stations sending messages, although no correlation could be established between the traffic patterns and message contents of the two stations. However at some point, both stations of this schedule simultaneously stopped sending any traffic, and then sent only null messages during months on; then in September 2015, both stations simultaneously stopped transmitting at all, effectively ending this shared schedule.

On June 1st, 2016, during a scheduled broadcast of F06 ID 90073, an F01 null message was mistakenly transmitted on the first two slots, before correctly sending an F06 null message on the third slot.

In his Radio Intrigue report #63, [[Don Schimmel]] relates an incident where an M14 null message was mistakenly transmitted instead of an M42 transmission. However this is not entirely conclusive, as M42 also includes presumed diplomatic transmissions that are linked to this operator but are not believed to be directly included in its numbers station activities; and the particular details of the M42 transmission in this incident are not identified.

On July 20th, 2017, a regular scheduled transmission of G06 ID 329 sent a null message using the E06 voice instead. Conversely, on April 18th, 2019, a regular scheduled fake message E06 transmission was sent using the G06 voice. (Both transmissions ended with a leaked Windows XP shutdown sound.)
On October 17th, 2014, an S06 transmission simultaneously sending on a different frequency was leaked through the audio of a regular G06 transmission.

On March 13th, 2018, a sporadic E06 ID 729 transmission simultaneously sending on a different frequency was leaked through the audio of a scheduled S06 ID 480 transmission.

== Activity breakdown ==

Much of this operator's activity goes through its advanced digital modes, F06 and F01; especially considering the significant share of analog schedules that are in fact only dedicated to the fake message operations.

The activity of this operator is mostly based in western Russia, with Moscow and Smolensk as main sites; digital transmissions are foremost based in Moscow, while Smolensk operates many of the analog schedules. It also operates sites with lower activity in Orenburg, Chita, and also in Havana, Cuba. Until 2019 it also ran a daily transmission network featuring all modes, from an unidentified site in the Russian Far East over the Pacific area.

== Encryption modes ==

The prime option for encryption would be one-time pads, and it seems reasonable to think that it would be used on most schedules. However, some of the schedules of digital stations F01 and F06 share a set of features that point to something incompatible with one-time pads.

In affected schedules, the encrypted part of the messages starts with a triple timestamp header, which is encrypted with a key that gets reused year long, message after message within the schedule, and produces visibly similar and even identical groups across different messages. For example, the 4th, 8th and 12th groups will almost always remain constant. This is the clearest sign that at least this part of the messages does not use one-time pads.

According to information sourced by Numbers & Oddities, one of the metadata header fields is a one-time pad parameter that would point to a resource unique to a given recipient. In affected schedules, a recurring well-known bogus value (36987), or other anagrammed bogus-looking values, sometimes appear in this field.

In the protocol of the F01 mode, the metadata header, which contains the one-time pad parameter, holds an optional place, and can be featured or not depending on the schedule. Although data is lacking to conclusively confirm this, it can be theorized that this optional header is always absent in affected schedules, because the one-time pad parameter value it carries is bogus and unnecessary.
In affected schedules, messages always have even group counts.
Test frequencies

This operator has several known frequencies on which it runs test, training, drill transmissions... Analog formats use 7353, 8140, 9073, 9300, 9463, 10270, 10755, 13530, and 19460 kHz, and use a number of known test IDs: 801 (7353, 9300, 9463 kHz) and 975 (8140, 10755 kHz). Digital formats use 6780, 7992, 8140, 9300, and 13530 kHz.

== Operation quirks ==

Most of the visible quirks can be attributed to operations from the Smolensk site - which include regular G06 schedules and all G06, E06 and M14 schedules sending fake messages. Unlike with other sites, they are operated in a partially manual way: they use a different warmup procedure and start transmissions a few minutes off the schedule; and M14 transmissions use MCW modulation instead of ICW. Transmissions from Smolensk are also particularly prone to errors, and regularly leak Windows XP shutdown sounds at the end of the last broadcast of the day, and sometimes other Windows XP system sounds as well. Occasionally, they will transmit using voice samples in the wrong language.

== See also ==

[[UVB-76 (The Buzzer)]]

[[Duga Radar (Russian Woodpecker)]]

== Sources ==

(Text from Priyom.org)

== External links ==

[[Category:People]]

The Russian Man (RU6)

2019-07-28T01:15:16Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[Image:Priyom.png|thumb|right]]

Although this operator is not identified, it is believed to be a Russian intelligence agency with big resources, who can support development and operation of many modes and schedules transmitting from several sites, including operations based in Moscow, the Russian Far East, and Cuba.

Voice stations of this operator support a wide choice of language:

English (E06, E17)

German (G06)

Russian ([[S06]])

Spanish (V06)

French (V23)

The last two ones, although inactive, are still maintained, possibly kept available for being brought back into operation. V06 was heard in test transmissions as late as 2016. V23 received new, male voice samples as early as 2010, and was heard in test transmissions in 2016 and 2017.

It also supports several speeds for its morse station M14, high-speed versions of which are sometimes referred to as M24.

Finally, it runs widespread regularly scheduled operations of several high-speed, advanced digital modes supporting redundant integrity features and versatile modular encapsulation layers, among which at least F01 and F06 are identified and understood.

The 5-figure-group messages carried by the digital modes share the same metadata header as the presumed Russian diplomatic transmissions known under M42, formerly operated by FAPSI. Links or infrastructure sharing between these agencies seem possible.

== Format ==

Analog stations (voice and morse) follow the same identical format.

The 00000 outro is a characteristic format feature unique to this operator. It is present in the analog format, and also most deliberately in the digital F01, which uses a dedicated padding character but still includes one 00000 outro group. It is also present in F06, which uses 0-digit padding but always includes at least a whole five-0 group as outro, and counts four 00000 5-figure groups in null messages.
Postambles repeating metadata already given in the preamble are another feature which, among currently active stations only this time, is particular to this operator. The analog format has a preamble and a postamble that are identical and contain a number unique to the message transmitted, followed by the group count. Digital formats similarly feature a 5-group metadata header and a postamble repeating the serial number of the message transmitted, followed by the group count.

This operator exhibits a variant following a special format, known as E06a and S06b for analog stations, and also observed in F01 and F06 transmissions.

== Scheduling and operating habits ==

The analog stations follow the common habit of sending a repeat transmission on a different frequency one hour after the initial transmission. Digital stations follow the common habit of sending two repeat transmissions on different frequencies, spaced by 10 minutes, after the initial transmission.

Transmissions that send traffic, i.e. not a null message, are repeated on the next day at the same times on the same frequencies. This is a characteristic scheduling feature unique to this operator.

Digital stations share the operational characteristic of repeating the message contents in an automated loop for approximately 7 minutes. This is in contrast to some Russian diplomatic transmissions (M42) that share format similarities with this numbers station operator, but however do not exhibit this automated looping behavior.

Analog stations share the obscure operational habit of maintaining schedules that only send obviously fake messages. These fake messages sometimes contain obviously non-random numbers, or sometimes repeat some same old identical contents that has been seen on these schedules for years. Sometimes the same known fake message is even reused across the different stations.

== Grouped transmissions ==

During some tests of this operator, the different voice stations appear successively on the same frequency during the same transmission, sending similar test contents.
Similarly, digital stations share test frequencies.
On December 5th, 2017, transmissions took place on the test frequency 8140 kHz: two test messages of S06 ID 975 were repeated several times throughout the day, and among them, one F01 null message was also transmitted. S06 voice was transmitted in J3E mode without a carrier, but when it wasn't transmitting, a carrier regularly appeared, alternating between centered on 8140 kHz, and shifted down 250 Hz ready to transmit F01.
Every weekday, a group of stations transmit over the Pacific area, each transmission at the top of a successive hour. This peculiar Pacific weekdays network groups together stations F01, F06, S06 and M14.

E06 ID 832 occasionally appears as an analog replacement on the schedule of F06 ID 50046, and transmits in place of it, exhibiting the non-OTP message features specific to this schedule.
Conversely, E06 ID 537 was replaced by F01 transmissions at least once.

Two sporadic transmission schedules have also seemingly seen similar replacements: F06 ID 90017 by S06 ID 348, and F01 1945z by E06 ID 734.
M14 ID 381 and F06 ID 20021 shared the same weekly schedule, using the same times and frequencies: M14 would send on weeks 1 and 3, and F06 would send on weeks 2 and 4. This schedule was very active with both stations sending messages, although no correlation could be established between the traffic patterns and message contents of the two stations. However at some point, both stations of this schedule simultaneously stopped sending any traffic, and then sent only null messages during months on; then in September 2015, both stations simultaneously stopped transmitting at all, effectively ending this shared schedule.

On June 1st, 2016, during a scheduled broadcast of F06 ID 90073, an F01 null message was mistakenly transmitted on the first two slots, before correctly sending an F06 null message on the third slot.

In his Radio Intrigue report #63, [[Don Schimmel]] relates an incident where an M14 null message was mistakenly transmitted instead of an M42 transmission. However this is not entirely conclusive, as M42 also includes presumed diplomatic transmissions that are linked to this operator but are not believed to be directly included in its numbers station activities; and the particular details of the M42 transmission in this incident are not identified.

On July 20th, 2017, a regular scheduled transmission of G06 ID 329 sent a null message using the E06 voice instead. Conversely, on April 18th, 2019, a regular scheduled fake message E06 transmission was sent using the G06 voice. (Both transmissions ended with a leaked Windows XP shutdown sound.)
On October 17th, 2014, an S06 transmission simultaneously sending on a different frequency was leaked through the audio of a regular G06 transmission.

On March 13th, 2018, a sporadic E06 ID 729 transmission simultaneously sending on a different frequency was leaked through the audio of a scheduled S06 ID 480 transmission.

== Activity breakdown ==

Much of this operator's activity goes through its advanced digital modes, F06 and F01; especially considering the significant share of analog schedules that are in fact only dedicated to the fake message operations.

The activity of this operator is mostly based in western Russia, with Moscow and Smolensk as main sites; digital transmissions are foremost based in Moscow, while Smolensk operates many of the analog schedules. It also operates sites with lower activity in Orenburg, Chita, and also in Havana, Cuba. Until 2019 it also ran a daily transmission network featuring all modes, from an unidentified site in the Russian Far East over the Pacific area.

== Encryption modes ==

The prime option for encryption would be one-time pads, and it seems reasonable to think that it would be used on most schedules. However, some of the schedules of digital stations F01 and F06 share a set of features that point to something incompatible with one-time pads.

In affected schedules, the encrypted part of the messages starts with a triple timestamp header, which is encrypted with a key that gets reused year long, message after message within the schedule, and produces visibly similar and even identical groups across different messages. For example, the 4th, 8th and 12th groups will almost always remain constant. This is the clearest sign that at least this part of the messages does not use one-time pads.

According to information sourced by Numbers & Oddities, one of the metadata header fields is a one-time pad parameter that would point to a resource unique to a given recipient. In affected schedules, a recurring well-known bogus value (36987), or other anagrammed bogus-looking values, sometimes appear in this field.

In the protocol of the F01 mode, the metadata header, which contains the one-time pad parameter, holds an optional place, and can be featured or not depending on the schedule. Although data is lacking to conclusively confirm this, it can be theorized that this optional header is always absent in affected schedules, because the one-time pad parameter value it carries is bogus and unnecessary.
In affected schedules, messages always have even group counts.
Test frequencies

This operator has several known frequencies on which it runs test, training, drill transmissions... Analog formats use 7353, 8140, 9073, 9300, 9463, 10270, 10755, 13530, and 19460 kHz, and use a number of known test IDs: 801 (7353, 9300, 9463 kHz) and 975 (8140, 10755 kHz). Digital formats use 6780, 7992, 8140, 9300, and 13530 kHz.

== Operation quirks ==

Most of the visible quirks can be attributed to operations from the Smolensk site - which include regular G06 schedules and all G06, E06 and M14 schedules sending fake messages. Unlike with other sites, they are operated in a partially manual way: they use a different warmup procedure and start transmissions a few minutes off the schedule; and M14 transmissions use MCW modulation instead of ICW. Transmissions from Smolensk are also particularly prone to errors, and regularly leak Windows XP shutdown sounds at the end of the last broadcast of the day, and sometimes other Windows XP system sounds as well. Occasionally, they will transmit using voice samples in the wrong language.

== Sources ==

(Text from Priyom.org)

== External links ==

[[Category:People]]

Orbital Mind Control Satellite

2019-07-27T23:00:34Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[File:Orbital Mind Control Satellite.jpg|thumb|right]]

Orbital Mind Control Satellite is a pirate shortwave radio station which was active from 1991 to 1998, returning to the air in 2014.
The idea for the station was originally conceived by members of a techno-rock band wishing to broadcast their music during raves as well as directions to the venue. The band's fortunes quickly went the way of the rave scene, though the concept of transmitting a radio program still held their interest. It was during this time that they began to acquire old ham gear and experiment with antenna systems. In 1991 they began transmitting and shortly afterward secured a maildrop (Belfast NY) for QSL's.
In the late 90's, they briefly experimented with broadcasting on the AM radio dial but abandoned this mode after destroying a Viking Valiant transmitter. Soon afterwards, their main transmitter died and while it was being repaired, they agreed to allow a relay of the OMCS. The relay was not, however, broadcast in it's original form. The relay operators decided to add their own commentary and edit the OMCS tape. The result was disheartening for OMCS and with rapid internet communication looming, they decided to call it quits in late 1998.

In 2005 one of the old transmitters, (FT101) was unboxed after a move and a test was made.Much to their surprise, the short test was heard and recorded by a shortwave listener calling himself "Sealord"

In 2014 the station returned with it's original members and occasional guests. The takeover of planet Earth by beings from the Crab Nebula is still the main theme, sponsored by the intergalactic Tea company and still fighting the dreaded "Plutonium Underground", a fiendish cabal of politicians, religious broadcasters, corporate thugs and fascist ham radio enthusiasts who jam their signals. The two main hosts are the Friendly Overlord, representative from the Crab Nebula Conglomerate and Niavi, shaman Queen from Venus, a rare female pirate operator. Embedded in the broadcast are special frequencies and tones which are reported to open the third eye. During the shows there are clues given about finding the address of their website.

Orbital Mind Control Satellite

2019-07-27T23:00:16Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[File:Orbital Mind Control Satellite.jpg]]

Orbital Mind Control Satellite is a pirate shortwave radio station which was active from 1991 to 1998, returning to the air in 2014.
The idea for the station was originally conceived by members of a techno-rock band wishing to broadcast their music during raves as well as directions to the venue. The band's fortunes quickly went the way of the rave scene, though the concept of transmitting a radio program still held their interest. It was during this time that they began to acquire old ham gear and experiment with antenna systems. In 1991 they began transmitting and shortly afterward secured a maildrop (Belfast NY) for QSL's.
In the late 90's, they briefly experimented with broadcasting on the AM radio dial but abandoned this mode after destroying a Viking Valiant transmitter. Soon afterwards, their main transmitter died and while it was being repaired, they agreed to allow a relay of the OMCS. The relay was not, however, broadcast in it's original form. The relay operators decided to add their own commentary and edit the OMCS tape. The result was disheartening for OMCS and with rapid internet communication looming, they decided to call it quits in late 1998.

In 2005 one of the old transmitters, (FT101) was unboxed after a move and a test was made.Much to their surprise, the short test was heard and recorded by a shortwave listener calling himself "Sealord"

In 2014 the station returned with it's original members and occasional guests. The takeover of planet Earth by beings from the Crab Nebula is still the main theme, sponsored by the intergalactic Tea company and still fighting the dreaded "Plutonium Underground", a fiendish cabal of politicians, religious broadcasters, corporate thugs and fascist ham radio enthusiasts who jam their signals. The two main hosts are the Friendly Overlord, representative from the Crab Nebula Conglomerate and Niavi, shaman Queen from Venus, a rare female pirate operator. Embedded in the broadcast are special frequencies and tones which are reported to open the third eye. During the shows there are clues given about finding the address of their website.

ENIGMA

2019-07-25T14:32:43Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[Image:ENIGMA.jpg|thumb|right|]]
'''E.N.I.G.M.A.''' stands for "European Numbers Information Gathering and Monitoring Association".

==History==
'''ENIGMA''' was a unique association of radio listeners ([[DXing|DXers]]) based in the United Kingdom which operated during the 1990s. It was founded in 1993 by [[Chris Midgley]] and [[Mike Gaufman]] and soon a number of mystery station specialists joined in. They issued a printed bulletin every few months, which was mailed to subscribers.

The 18 in total issues of the ENIGMA bulletin contained a lot of interesting information about odd and mysterious high frequency transmissions, contributed by radio listeners worldwide. The reception logs were organized, collated and analyzed by the core ENIGMA staff. The coverage was mostly about [[Spy Numbers Stations]], but there was also some coverage of other radio mysteries, such as [[letter beacon]]s. The ENIGMA bulletins were not archived in libraries and it is very difficult to obtain copies today.

The original ENIGMA group was disbanded in 2000. In his farewell letter, ENIGMA co-founder Mike G. (Gaufman) wrote that all ENIGMA publications and research material would be deposited at the British Library (Boston Spa).

==ENIGMA transmission classification scheme==
[[Image:EMIGMA newsletter cover.jpg|thumb|right|Cover page of the first issue of ENIGMA Newsletter.]]
[[File:0031 1 lg.jpg|thumb|right|An ENIGMA nazi crypto machine]]
The major achievement of ENIGMA was the systematic classification and naming of the numerous radio oddities, which were previously described by different and conflicting names in various publications. Each transmission was assigned an identifier, which consists of a letter and a number. The letter specifies the type and language of the transmission following this pattern:
* M: Morse code
** [[M25]]
** [[M94]]
** MX ([[Letter beacon]]s)
* S: Slavic languages
* G: German language
* E: English language
** [[E3]]
** [[E10]]
* V: Various languages, inlcuding Spanish
** [[V2]]
** [[V13]]
** [[V24]]
* X: specialized non-voice transmissions
** [[X06]]
** [[XUP]]

The ENIGMA transmission classification scheme is still maintained by [[ENIGMA2000]].

==Archive at priyom.org==

In 2014 the Russian [http://priyom.org priyom.org] group scanned and uploaded all 18 enigma bulletins. They are freely available in PDF on their website: [http://priyom.org/blog/preserving-history-enigma-newsletters http://priyom.org/blog/preserving-history-enigma-newsletters].

==See also==

* [[ENIGMA2000]]
* [[Spy Numbers Stations]]

==External links==
* [http://www.brogers.dsl.pipex.com/enigma.html A short history of ENIGMA], by Brian Rogers (2008)
* [http://www.apul64.dsl.pipex.com/enigma2000/ ENIGMA-2000 website]
* [http://www.brogers.dsl.pipex.com/enigma2000/docs/ECL.pdf ENIGMA control list] (Version 24, September 2009)

{{CC-BY-SA-WP|Letter_beacon}}

[[Category:Radio societies]]
[[Category:Spy stations]]

File:ENIGMA.jpg

2019-07-25T14:32:09Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

Spy Numbers Stations

2019-07-25T14:28:35Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

'''Spy Numbers Stations''' are shortwave radio stations that are speculated to have been broadcasting since World War I. The true origin and purpose of them are unknown. A popular theory is that these stations are intended for spies in the field using a One Time Pad. Another theory is that they are used in drug smuggling operations.

[[Image:Numbers stations map.gif|center|A map showing several locations of Number Stations]]

== Description and operation ==

Number stations are shortwave transmissions from foreign intelligence agencies to spies in the field of foreign countries. Since the fact of operating a number station is technically a state secret, there have been very few confirmations from government organizations - those that have were the Czech Office for Foreign Relations and Information (we also obtained a Top Secret document), Polish Institute of National Remembrance and the Swedish Security Service SÄPO. Usage of number stations has additionally been confirmed by former Cold War spies, and the cases of Kim Hyon-hui (1987), Erwin van Haarlem (1988), The Cuban Five (1998) and Andreas and Heindrun Anschlag (2011).

Number stations transmit encrypted messages in forms of groups of numbers, or less commonly letters, using either automated voice (many languages), Morse code or digital signals. While the encryption method used for most number stations is unknown, some have used and others are widely believed to use one-time pad - mathematical addition of a set of random numbers (the key) to the plaintext, which can be used only once, and must be destroyed after usage. Some of the stations are believed to transmit pre-defined codebook instructions.

Number stations offer a powerful advantage in our modern world: practically complete anonymity. The recipient of the message can be almost anywhere in the world, and receive instructions without fear of being traced through a phone call or internet connection. All the recipient needs is a shortwave radio and to be in the right place at the right time.

The first account of a number station, as reported in ENIGMA Newsletter Issue #12, was from the Austrian Kurzwelle Panorama magazine dating from World War I. The BBC were noted for sending messages to people overseas which where coded messages to SOE agents during WW2. From then on encrypted messages broadcasted with creepy automated voices have been being sent with stations appearing and disappearing as political events changed over the last 60 years. The amount of active stations has significantly decreased since the late 1990s, though number stations are still actively used by countries such as Russia, Poland and Cuba.

== ENIGMA naming system ==

The most popular number station naming system was devised by the European Numbers Information Gathering and Monitoring Assocation (ENIGMA), a number station research group active in 1993-2000, and later maintained by ENIGMA 2000. It was created to solve ambiguities in number station reporting, and classifies stations by language or type of signal. Each ENIGMA designator consists of an alphabetic prefix followed by an ordinary number.

Current prefixes:

E - English language voice broadcasts

G - German language voice broadcasts

S - Slavic language voice broadcasts

V - Voice broadcasts in all other languages

M - Morse code

F - Frequency-shift keying digital modes

P - Phase-shift keying digital modes

XP - Russian 7 digital modes

HM - Hybrids of analog and digital modes

== Active Spy Numbers Stations ==
*[[V2]] Attencion Cuba
*[[HM01]] Cuba
*[[S06]] Russian Man, Russia
*[[V13]] New Star Radio Taiwan
*[[V24]] South Korea
*[[V26]] China
*[[M94]] South Korea
*[[X06]] Mazielka, Russia
*[[XUP]] Pulser, N. America
*[[G2 (Swedish Rhapsody)]] Poland

== Inactive Spy Numbers Stations ==
*[[E10]] [[MOSSAD]] Israel
*[[E3]] [[Lincolnshire Poacher]] Malta
*[[M25]] KKN family, USA and worldwide
*[[G03 (The Gong Station)]] East Germany

== Parody Spy Numbers Stations ==
[[Image:LadySpy.png|right|120px]]
*[[Attention 69 Numbers Station]]
*[[Brother Stair Numbers]]
*[[Roman Numerals Numbers Station]]
*[[WBNY]]

== Unknown/anonymous spy number station ==
*[[XM Whales (The Backwards Music Station)]]

== See also ==
* [[Cuban Intelligence Radio Stations/Operations]]
* [[Soviet/Russian Strategic Communication/Warfare Units]]
* [[The Russian Man (RU6)|The Russian Man]]
* [[DGI]]
* [[Havana Moon]]
* [[Pedro]]
* [[ENIGMA]]
* [[ENIGMA2000]]
* [[Langley Pierce]]
* [[Numbers stations in popular culture]]

==External links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_stations Numbers Station (Wikipedia)]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conet_Project The Conet Project (Wikipedia)]
*[http://irdial.hyperreal.org/ Conet Project downloads]
*[http://www.spynumbers.com Spy Numbers]
* [http://www.simonmason.karoo.net/page30.html Simon Mason's website]

==Further reading==
* Langley Pierce: "Intercepting Numbers Stations", Interproducts, Perth, UK, ISBN 0-9519783-4-9, 1994.
* Havana Moon: "[http://wrgpmusic.no-ip.org.nyud.net/UnoDosCuatro.pdf Uno, Dos, Cuatro - A Guide to the Numbers Stations]", Tiare Publications, Lake Geneva, ISBN 0-936653-06-X, 1987
* Simon Mason: [http://www.simonmason.karoo.net/SECRET_SIGNALS.doc Secret Signals] (The Euronumbers Mystery), Tiare Publications, ISBN 0-936653-28-0.
* Harry L. Helms, W5HLH: "How To Tune The Secret Shortwave Spectrum", TAB Books, ISBN 0-8306-1185-1, 1981.
* Don Schimmel: "The Underground Frequency Guide", HighText, ISBN 1-878707-17-5, 1994

[[Category:Radio station lists]]
[[Category:Spy stations|!]]

Arnie Coro

2019-07-25T14:27:02Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

Arnaldo Coro Antich, aka Arnie Coro, is a Cuban radio host, academic and popular amateur radio operator. He is a cofounder of Radio Havana. He hosts the English language Radio Habana show DXers Unlimited which broadcasts twice a week. He is also a professor of broadcasting at the University of Havana.

His amateur radio call sign is CO2KK. In Cuba, Coro is considered "the guru of ham radio operators" and is credited for increasing interest in Cuban amateur radio operation and has garnered many fans in the United States. Due to the difficulty in acquiring radio equipment, Coro has managed to assemble his radio equipment from pieces of old radios, Soviet-era television sets and fax machines.

https://www.hfunderground.com/wiki/images/thumb/e/e9/Pedropic.jpg/400px-Pedropic.jpg
(Arnie Coro, repairing a reported V2 Spy Numbers Station transmitter)

(Sources from Wikipedia)

== See also ==
* [[V2]]
* [[HM01]]
* [[Pedro]]
* [[DGI]]
* [[Havana Moon]]

== External links ==

[[Category:People]]

The Russian Man (RU6)

2019-07-25T14:26:23Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

[[Image:Priyom.png|thumb|right]]

Although this operator is not identified, it is believed to be a Russian intelligence agency with big resources, who can support development and operation of many modes and schedules transmitting from several sites, including operations based in Moscow, the Russian Far East, and Cuba.

Voice stations of this operator support a wide choice of language:

English (E06, E17)

German (G06)

Russian ([[S06]])

Spanish (V06)

French (V23)

The last two ones, although inactive, are still maintained, possibly kept available for being brought back into operation. V06 was heard in test transmissions as late as 2016. V23 received new, male voice samples as early as 2010, and was heard in test transmissions in 2016 and 2017.

It also supports several speeds for its morse station M14, high-speed versions of which are sometimes referred to as M24.

Finally, it runs widespread regularly scheduled operations of several high-speed, advanced digital modes supporting redundant integrity features and versatile modular encapsulation layers, among which at least F01 and F06 are identified and understood.

The 5-figure-group messages carried by the digital modes share the same metadata header as the presumed Russian diplomatic transmissions known under M42, formerly operated by FAPSI. Links or infrastructure sharing between these agencies seem possible.

== Format ==

Analog stations (voice and morse) follow the same identical format.

The 00000 outro is a characteristic format feature unique to this operator. It is present in the analog format, and also most deliberately in the digital F01, which uses a dedicated padding character but still includes one 00000 outro group. It is also present in F06, which uses 0-digit padding but always includes at least a whole five-0 group as outro, and counts four 00000 5-figure groups in null messages.
Postambles repeating metadata already given in the preamble are another feature which, among currently active stations only this time, is particular to this operator. The analog format has a preamble and a postamble that are identical and contain a number unique to the message transmitted, followed by the group count. Digital formats similarly feature a 5-group metadata header and a postamble repeating the serial number of the message transmitted, followed by the group count.

This operator exhibits a variant following a special format, known as E06a and S06b for analog stations, and also observed in F01 and F06 transmissions.

== Scheduling and operating habits ==

The analog stations follow the common habit of sending a repeat transmission on a different frequency one hour after the initial transmission. Digital stations follow the common habit of sending two repeat transmissions on different frequencies, spaced by 10 minutes, after the initial transmission.

Transmissions that send traffic, i.e. not a null message, are repeated on the next day at the same times on the same frequencies. This is a characteristic scheduling feature unique to this operator.

Digital stations share the operational characteristic of repeating the message contents in an automated loop for approximately 7 minutes. This is in contrast to some Russian diplomatic transmissions (M42) that share format similarities with this numbers station operator, but however do not exhibit this automated looping behavior.

Analog stations share the obscure operational habit of maintaining schedules that only send obviously fake messages. These fake messages sometimes contain obviously non-random numbers, or sometimes repeat some same old identical contents that has been seen on these schedules for years. Sometimes the same known fake message is even reused across the different stations.

== Grouped transmissions ==

During some tests of this operator, the different voice stations appear successively on the same frequency during the same transmission, sending similar test contents.
Similarly, digital stations share test frequencies.
On December 5th, 2017, transmissions took place on the test frequency 8140 kHz: two test messages of S06 ID 975 were repeated several times throughout the day, and among them, one F01 null message was also transmitted. S06 voice was transmitted in J3E mode without a carrier, but when it wasn't transmitting, a carrier regularly appeared, alternating between centered on 8140 kHz, and shifted down 250 Hz ready to transmit F01.
Every weekday, a group of stations transmit over the Pacific area, each transmission at the top of a successive hour. This peculiar Pacific weekdays network groups together stations F01, F06, S06 and M14.
Shared schedules

E06 ID 832 occasionally appears as an analog replacement on the schedule of F06 ID 50046, and transmits in place of it, exhibiting the non-OTP message features specific to this schedule.
Conversely, E06 ID 537 was replaced by F01 transmissions at least once.

Two sporadic transmission schedules have also seemingly seen similar replacements: F06 ID 90017 by S06 ID 348, and F01 1945z by E06 ID 734.
M14 ID 381 and F06 ID 20021 shared the same weekly schedule, using the same times and frequencies: M14 would send on weeks 1 and 3, and F06 would send on weeks 2 and 4. This schedule was very active with both stations sending messages, although no correlation could be established between the traffic patterns and message contents of the two stations. However at some point, both stations of this schedule simultaneously stopped sending any traffic, and then sent only null messages during months on; then in September 2015, both stations simultaneously stopped transmitting at all, effectively ending this shared schedule.
Operation errors

On June 1st, 2016, during a scheduled broadcast of F06 ID 90073, an F01 null message was mistakenly transmitted on the first two slots, before correctly sending an F06 null message on the third slot.

In his Radio Intrigue report #63, [[Don Schimmel]] relates an incident where an M14 null message was mistakenly transmitted instead of an M42 transmission. However this is not entirely conclusive, as M42 also includes presumed diplomatic transmissions that are linked to this operator but are not believed to be directly included in its numbers station activities; and the particular details of the M42 transmission in this incident are not identified.

On July 20th, 2017, a regular scheduled transmission of G06 ID 329 sent a null message using the E06 voice instead. Conversely, on April 18th, 2019, a regular scheduled fake message E06 transmission was sent using the G06 voice. (Both transmissions ended with a leaked Windows XP shutdown sound.)
On October 17th, 2014, an S06 transmission simultaneously sending on a different frequency was leaked through the audio of a regular G06 transmission.

On March 13th, 2018, a sporadic E06 ID 729 transmission simultaneously sending on a different frequency was leaked through the audio of a scheduled S06 ID 480 transmission.

== Activity breakdown ==

Much of this operator's activity goes through its advanced digital modes, F06 and F01; especially considering the significant share of analog schedules that are in fact only dedicated to the fake message operations.

The activity of this operator is mostly based in western Russia, with Moscow and Smolensk as main sites; digital transmissions are foremost based in Moscow, while Smolensk operates many of the analog schedules. It also operates sites with lower activity in Orenburg, Chita, and also in Havana, Cuba. Until 2019 it also ran a daily transmission network featuring all modes, from an unidentified site in the Russian Far East over the Pacific area.

== Encryption modes ==

The prime option for encryption would be one-time pads, and it seems reasonable to think that it would be used on most schedules. However, some of the schedules of digital stations F01 and F06 share a set of features that point to something incompatible with one-time pads.

In affected schedules, the encrypted part of the messages starts with a triple timestamp header, which is encrypted with a key that gets reused year long, message after message within the schedule, and produces visibly similar and even identical groups across different messages. For example, the 4th, 8th and 12th groups will almost always remain constant. This is the clearest sign that at least this part of the messages does not use one-time pads.

According to information sourced by Numbers & Oddities, one of the metadata header fields is a one-time pad parameter that would point to a resource unique to a given recipient. In affected schedules, a recurring well-known bogus value (36987), or other anagrammed bogus-looking values, sometimes appear in this field.

In the protocol of the F01 mode, the metadata header, which contains the one-time pad parameter, holds an optional place, and can be featured or not depending on the schedule. Although data is lacking to conclusively confirm this, it can be theorized that this optional header is always absent in affected schedules, because the one-time pad parameter value it carries is bogus and unnecessary.
In affected schedules, messages always have even group counts.
Test frequencies

This operator has several known frequencies on which it runs test, training, drill transmissions... Analog formats use 7353, 8140, 9073, 9300, 9463, 10270, 10755, 13530, and 19460 kHz, and use a number of known test IDs: 801 (7353, 9300, 9463 kHz) and 975 (8140, 10755 kHz). Digital formats use 6780, 7992, 8140, 9300, and 13530 kHz.

== Operation quirks ==

Most of the visible quirks can be attributed to operations from the Smolensk site - which include regular G06 schedules and all G06, E06 and M14 schedules sending fake messages. Unlike with other sites, they are operated in a partially manual way: they use a different warmup procedure and start transmissions a few minutes off the schedule; and M14 transmissions use MCW modulation instead of ICW. Transmissions from Smolensk are also particularly prone to errors, and regularly leak Windows XP shutdown sounds at the end of the last broadcast of the day, and sometimes other Windows XP system sounds as well. Occasionally, they will transmit using voice samples in the wrong language.

== Sources ==

(Text from Priyom.org)

== External links ==

[[Category:People]]

Spy Numbers Stations

2019-07-25T14:21:22Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

'''Spy Numbers Stations''' are shortwave radio stations that are speculated to have been broadcasting since World War I. The true origin and purpose of them are unknown. A popular theory is that these stations are intended for spies in the field using a One Time Pad. Another theory is that they are used in drug smuggling operations.

[[Image:Numbers stations map.gif|center|A map showing several locations of Number Stations]]

== Description and operation ==
Number stations are shortwave transmissions from foreign intelligence agencies to spies in the field of foreign countries. Since the fact of operating a number station is technically a state secret, there have been very few confirmations from government organizations - those that have were the Czech Office for Foreign Relations and Information (we also obtained a Top Secret document), Polish Institute of National Remembrance and the Swedish Security Service SÄPO. Usage of number stations has additionally been confirmed by former Cold War spies, and the cases of Kim Hyon-hui (1987), Erwin van Haarlem (1988), The Cuban Five (1998) and Andreas and Heindrun Anschlag (2011).

Number stations transmit encrypted messages in forms of groups of numbers, or less commonly letters, using either automated voice (many languages), Morse code or digital signals. While the encryption method used for most number stations is unknown, some have used and others are widely believed to use one-time pad - mathematical addition of a set of random numbers (the key) to the plaintext, which can be used only once, and must be destroyed after usage. Some of the stations are believed to transmit pre-defined codebook instructions.

Number stations offer a powerful advantage in our modern world: practically complete anonymity. The recipient of the message can be almost anywhere in the world, and receive instructions without fear of being traced through a phone call or internet connection. All the recipient needs is a shortwave radio and to be in the right place at the right time.

The first account of a number station, as reported in ENIGMA Newsletter Issue #12, was from the Austrian Kurzwelle Panorama magazine dating from World War I. The BBC were noted for sending messages to people overseas which where coded messages to SOE agents during WW2. From then on encrypted messages broadcasted with creepy automated voices have been being sent with stations appearing and disappearing as political events changed over the last 60 years. The amount of active stations has significantly decreased since the late 1990s, though number stations are still actively used by countries such as Russia, Poland and Cuba.

ENIGMA naming system

The most popular number station naming system was devised by the European Numbers Information Gathering and Monitoring Assocation (ENIGMA), a number station research group active in 1993-2000, and later maintained by ENIGMA 2000. It was created to solve ambiguities in number station reporting, and classifies stations by language or type of signal. Each ENIGMA designator consists of an alphabetic prefix followed by an ordinary number.

Current prefixes:

E - English language voice broadcasts

G - German language voice broadcasts

S - Slavic language voice broadcasts

V - Voice broadcasts in all other languages

M - Morse code

F - Frequency-shift keying digital modes

P - Phase-shift keying digital modes

XP - Russian 7 digital modes

HM - Hybrids of analog and digital modes

== Active Spy Numbers Stations ==
*[[V2]] Attencion Cuba
*[[HM01]] Cuba
*[[S06]] Russian Man, Russia
*[[V13]] New Star Radio Taiwan
*[[V24]] South Korea
*[[V26]] China
*[[M94]] South Korea
*[[X06]] Mazielka, Russia
*[[XUP]] Pulser, N. America
*[[G2 (Swedish Rhapsody)]] Poland

== Inactive Spy Numbers Stations ==
*[[E10]] [[MOSSAD]] Israel
*[[E3]] [[Lincolnshire Poacher]] Malta
*[[M25]] KKN family, USA and worldwide
*[[G03 (The Gong Station)]] East Germany

== Parody Spy Numbers Stations ==
[[Image:LadySpy.png|right|120px]]
*[[Attention 69 Numbers Station]]
*[[Brother Stair Numbers]]
*[[Roman Numerals Numbers Station]]
*[[WBNY]]

== Unknown/anonymous spy number station ==
*[[XM Whales (The Backwards Music Station)]]

== See also ==
* [[Cuban Intelligence Radio Stations/Operations]]
* [[Soviet/Russian Strategic Communication/Warfare Units]]
* [[The Russian Man (RU6)|The Russian Man]]
* [[DGI]]
* [[Havana Moon]]
* [[Pedro]]
* [[ENIGMA]]
* [[ENIGMA2000]]
* [[Langley Pierce]]
* [[Numbers stations in popular culture]]

==External links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_stations Numbers Station (Wikipedia)]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conet_Project The Conet Project (Wikipedia)]
*[http://irdial.hyperreal.org/ Conet Project downloads]
*[http://www.spynumbers.com Spy Numbers]
* [http://www.simonmason.karoo.net/page30.html Simon Mason's website]

==Further reading==
* Langley Pierce: "Intercepting Numbers Stations", Interproducts, Perth, UK, ISBN 0-9519783-4-9, 1994.
* Havana Moon: "[http://wrgpmusic.no-ip.org.nyud.net/UnoDosCuatro.pdf Uno, Dos, Cuatro - A Guide to the Numbers Stations]", Tiare Publications, Lake Geneva, ISBN 0-936653-06-X, 1987
* Simon Mason: [http://www.simonmason.karoo.net/SECRET_SIGNALS.doc Secret Signals] (The Euronumbers Mystery), Tiare Publications, ISBN 0-936653-28-0.
* Harry L. Helms, W5HLH: "How To Tune The Secret Shortwave Spectrum", TAB Books, ISBN 0-8306-1185-1, 1981.
* Don Schimmel: "The Underground Frequency Guide", HighText, ISBN 1-878707-17-5, 1994

[[Category:Radio station lists]]
[[Category:Spy stations|!]]

Russian 6 (

2019-07-25T14:20:44Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla: moved Russian 6 ( to The Russian Man (RU6)

#REDIRECT [[The Russian Man (RU6)]]

The Russian Man (RU6)

2019-07-25T14:20:44Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla: moved Russian 6 ( to The Russian Man (RU6)

[[Image:Priyom.png|thumb|right]]

Although this operator is not identified, it is believed to be a Russian intelligence agency with big resources, who can support development and operation of many modes and schedules transmitting from several sites, including operations based in Moscow, the Russian Far East, and Cuba.

Voice stations of this operator support a wide choice of language:

English (E06, E17)

German (G06)

Russian ([[S06]])

Spanish (V06)

French (V23)

The last two ones, although inactive, are still maintained, possibly kept available for being brought back into operation. V06 was heard in test transmissions as late as 2016. V23 received new, male voice samples as early as 2010, and was heard in test transmissions in 2016 and 2017.

It also supports several speeds for its morse station M14, high-speed versions of which are sometimes referred to as M24.

Finally, it runs widespread regularly scheduled operations of several high-speed, advanced digital modes supporting redundant integrity features and versatile modular encapsulation layers, among which at least F01 and F06 are identified and understood.

The 5-figure-group messages carried by the digital modes share the same metadata header as the presumed Russian diplomatic transmissions known under M42, formerly operated by FAPSI. Links or infrastructure sharing between these agencies seem possible.

== Format ==

Analog stations (voice and morse) follow the same identical format.

The 00000 outro is a characteristic format feature unique to this operator. It is present in the analog format, and also most deliberately in the digital F01, which uses a dedicated padding character but still includes one 00000 outro group. It is also present in F06, which uses 0-digit padding but always includes at least a whole five-0 group as outro, and counts four 00000 5-figure groups in null messages.
Postambles repeating metadata already given in the preamble are another feature which, among currently active stations only this time, is particular to this operator. The analog format has a preamble and a postamble that are identical and contain a number unique to the message transmitted, followed by the group count. Digital formats similarly feature a 5-group metadata header and a postamble repeating the serial number of the message transmitted, followed by the group count.

This operator exhibits a variant following a special format, known as E06a and S06b for analog stations, and also observed in F01 and F06 transmissions.

== Scheduling and operating habits ==

The analog stations follow the common habit of sending a repeat transmission on a different frequency one hour after the initial transmission. Digital stations follow the common habit of sending two repeat transmissions on different frequencies, spaced by 10 minutes, after the initial transmission.

Transmissions that send traffic, i.e. not a null message, are repeated on the next day at the same times on the same frequencies. This is a characteristic scheduling feature unique to this operator.

Digital stations share the operational characteristic of repeating the message contents in an automated loop for approximately 7 minutes. This is in contrast to some Russian diplomatic transmissions (M42) that share format similarities with this numbers station operator, but however do not exhibit this automated looping behavior.

Analog stations share the obscure operational habit of maintaining schedules that only send obviously fake messages. These fake messages sometimes contain obviously non-random numbers, or sometimes repeat some same old identical contents that has been seen on these schedules for years. Sometimes the same known fake message is even reused across the different stations.

== Grouped transmissions ==

During some tests of this operator, the different voice stations appear successively on the same frequency during the same transmission, sending similar test contents.
Similarly, digital stations share test frequencies.
On December 5th, 2017, transmissions took place on the test frequency 8140 kHz: two test messages of S06 ID 975 were repeated several times throughout the day, and among them, one F01 null message was also transmitted. S06 voice was transmitted in J3E mode without a carrier, but when it wasn't transmitting, a carrier regularly appeared, alternating between centered on 8140 kHz, and shifted down 250 Hz ready to transmit F01.
Every weekday, a group of stations transmit over the Pacific area, each transmission at the top of a successive hour. This peculiar Pacific weekdays network groups together stations F01, F06, S06 and M14.
Shared schedules

E06 ID 832 occasionally appears as an analog replacement on the schedule of F06 ID 50046, and transmits in place of it, exhibiting the non-OTP message features specific to this schedule.
Conversely, E06 ID 537 was replaced by F01 transmissions at least once.

Two sporadic transmission schedules have also seemingly seen similar replacements: F06 ID 90017 by S06 ID 348, and F01 1945z by E06 ID 734.
M14 ID 381 and F06 ID 20021 shared the same weekly schedule, using the same times and frequencies: M14 would send on weeks 1 and 3, and F06 would send on weeks 2 and 4. This schedule was very active with both stations sending messages, although no correlation could be established between the traffic patterns and message contents of the two stations. However at some point, both stations of this schedule simultaneously stopped sending any traffic, and then sent only null messages during months on; then in September 2015, both stations simultaneously stopped transmitting at all, effectively ending this shared schedule.
Operation errors

On June 1st, 2016, during a scheduled broadcast of F06 ID 90073, an F01 null message was mistakenly transmitted on the first two slots, before correctly sending an F06 null message on the third slot.

In his Radio Intrigue report #63, [[Don Schimmel]] relates an incident where an M14 null message was mistakenly transmitted instead of an M42 transmission. However this is not entirely conclusive, as M42 also includes presumed diplomatic transmissions that are linked to this operator but are not believed to be directly included in its numbers station activities; and the particular details of the M42 transmission in this incident are not identified.

On July 20th, 2017, a regular scheduled transmission of G06 ID 329 sent a null message using the E06 voice instead. Conversely, on April 18th, 2019, a regular scheduled fake message E06 transmission was sent using the G06 voice. (Both transmissions ended with a leaked Windows XP shutdown sound.)
On October 17th, 2014, an S06 transmission simultaneously sending on a different frequency was leaked through the audio of a regular G06 transmission.

On March 13th, 2018, a sporadic E06 ID 729 transmission simultaneously sending on a different frequency was leaked through the audio of a scheduled S06 ID 480 transmission.

== Activity breakdown ==

Much of this operator's activity goes through its advanced digital modes, F06 and F01; especially considering the significant share of analog schedules that are in fact only dedicated to the fake message operations.

The activity of this operator is mostly based in western Russia, with Moscow and Smolensk as main sites; digital transmissions are foremost based in Moscow, while Smolensk operates many of the analog schedules. It also operates sites with lower activity in Orenburg, Chita, and also in Havana, Cuba. Until 2019 it also ran a daily transmission network featuring all modes, from an unidentified site in the Russian Far East over the Pacific area.

== Encryption modes ==

The prime option for encryption would be one-time pads, and it seems reasonable to think that it would be used on most schedules. However, some of the schedules of digital stations F01 and F06 share a set of features that point to something incompatible with one-time pads.

In affected schedules, the encrypted part of the messages starts with a triple timestamp header, which is encrypted with a key that gets reused year long, message after message within the schedule, and produces visibly similar and even identical groups across different messages. For example, the 4th, 8th and 12th groups will almost always remain constant. This is the clearest sign that at least this part of the messages does not use one-time pads.

According to information sourced by Numbers & Oddities, one of the metadata header fields is a one-time pad parameter that would point to a resource unique to a given recipient. In affected schedules, a recurring well-known bogus value (36987), or other anagrammed bogus-looking values, sometimes appear in this field.

In the protocol of the F01 mode, the metadata header, which contains the one-time pad parameter, holds an optional place, and can be featured or not depending on the schedule. Although data is lacking to conclusively confirm this, it can be theorized that this optional header is always absent in affected schedules, because the one-time pad parameter value it carries is bogus and unnecessary.
In affected schedules, messages always have even group counts.
Test frequencies

This operator has several known frequencies on which it runs test, training, drill transmissions... Analog formats use 7353, 8140, 9073, 9300, 9463, 10270, 10755, 13530, and 19460 kHz, and use a number of known test IDs: 801 (7353, 9300, 9463 kHz) and 975 (8140, 10755 kHz). Digital formats use 6780, 7992, 8140, 9300, and 13530 kHz.

== Operation quirks ==

Most of the visible quirks can be attributed to operations from the Smolensk site - which include regular G06 schedules and all G06, E06 and M14 schedules sending fake messages. Unlike with other sites, they are operated in a partially manual way: they use a different warmup procedure and start transmissions a few minutes off the schedule; and M14 transmissions use MCW modulation instead of ICW. Transmissions from Smolensk are also particularly prone to errors, and regularly leak Windows XP shutdown sounds at the end of the last broadcast of the day, and sometimes other Windows XP system sounds as well. Occasionally, they will transmit using voice samples in the wrong language.

== Sources ==

(Text from Priyom.org)

Russian 6

2019-07-25T14:20:16Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla: moved Russian 6 to Russian 6 ("The Russian Man")

#REDIRECT [[Russian 6 ("The Russian Man")]]

Russian 6 ("The Russian Man")

2019-07-25T14:20:16Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla: moved Russian 6 to Russian 6 ("The Russian Man")

#REDIRECT [[Russian 6 (]]

Russian 6 ("The Russian Man")

2019-07-25T14:20:05Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla: moved Russian 6 to Russian 6 (

#REDIRECT [[Russian 6 (]]

The Russian Man (RU6)

2019-07-25T14:20:05Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla: moved Russian 6 to Russian 6 (

[[Image:Priyom.png|thumb|right]]

Although this operator is not identified, it is believed to be a Russian intelligence agency with big resources, who can support development and operation of many modes and schedules transmitting from several sites, including operations based in Moscow, the Russian Far East, and Cuba.

Voice stations of this operator support a wide choice of language:

English (E06, E17)

German (G06)

Russian ([[S06]])

Spanish (V06)

French (V23)

The last two ones, although inactive, are still maintained, possibly kept available for being brought back into operation. V06 was heard in test transmissions as late as 2016. V23 received new, male voice samples as early as 2010, and was heard in test transmissions in 2016 and 2017.

It also supports several speeds for its morse station M14, high-speed versions of which are sometimes referred to as M24.

Finally, it runs widespread regularly scheduled operations of several high-speed, advanced digital modes supporting redundant integrity features and versatile modular encapsulation layers, among which at least F01 and F06 are identified and understood.

The 5-figure-group messages carried by the digital modes share the same metadata header as the presumed Russian diplomatic transmissions known under M42, formerly operated by FAPSI. Links or infrastructure sharing between these agencies seem possible.

== Format ==

Analog stations (voice and morse) follow the same identical format.

The 00000 outro is a characteristic format feature unique to this operator. It is present in the analog format, and also most deliberately in the digital F01, which uses a dedicated padding character but still includes one 00000 outro group. It is also present in F06, which uses 0-digit padding but always includes at least a whole five-0 group as outro, and counts four 00000 5-figure groups in null messages.
Postambles repeating metadata already given in the preamble are another feature which, among currently active stations only this time, is particular to this operator. The analog format has a preamble and a postamble that are identical and contain a number unique to the message transmitted, followed by the group count. Digital formats similarly feature a 5-group metadata header and a postamble repeating the serial number of the message transmitted, followed by the group count.

This operator exhibits a variant following a special format, known as E06a and S06b for analog stations, and also observed in F01 and F06 transmissions.

== Scheduling and operating habits ==

The analog stations follow the common habit of sending a repeat transmission on a different frequency one hour after the initial transmission. Digital stations follow the common habit of sending two repeat transmissions on different frequencies, spaced by 10 minutes, after the initial transmission.

Transmissions that send traffic, i.e. not a null message, are repeated on the next day at the same times on the same frequencies. This is a characteristic scheduling feature unique to this operator.

Digital stations share the operational characteristic of repeating the message contents in an automated loop for approximately 7 minutes. This is in contrast to some Russian diplomatic transmissions (M42) that share format similarities with this numbers station operator, but however do not exhibit this automated looping behavior.

Analog stations share the obscure operational habit of maintaining schedules that only send obviously fake messages. These fake messages sometimes contain obviously non-random numbers, or sometimes repeat some same old identical contents that has been seen on these schedules for years. Sometimes the same known fake message is even reused across the different stations.

== Grouped transmissions ==

During some tests of this operator, the different voice stations appear successively on the same frequency during the same transmission, sending similar test contents.
Similarly, digital stations share test frequencies.
On December 5th, 2017, transmissions took place on the test frequency 8140 kHz: two test messages of S06 ID 975 were repeated several times throughout the day, and among them, one F01 null message was also transmitted. S06 voice was transmitted in J3E mode without a carrier, but when it wasn't transmitting, a carrier regularly appeared, alternating between centered on 8140 kHz, and shifted down 250 Hz ready to transmit F01.
Every weekday, a group of stations transmit over the Pacific area, each transmission at the top of a successive hour. This peculiar Pacific weekdays network groups together stations F01, F06, S06 and M14.
Shared schedules

E06 ID 832 occasionally appears as an analog replacement on the schedule of F06 ID 50046, and transmits in place of it, exhibiting the non-OTP message features specific to this schedule.
Conversely, E06 ID 537 was replaced by F01 transmissions at least once.

Two sporadic transmission schedules have also seemingly seen similar replacements: F06 ID 90017 by S06 ID 348, and F01 1945z by E06 ID 734.
M14 ID 381 and F06 ID 20021 shared the same weekly schedule, using the same times and frequencies: M14 would send on weeks 1 and 3, and F06 would send on weeks 2 and 4. This schedule was very active with both stations sending messages, although no correlation could be established between the traffic patterns and message contents of the two stations. However at some point, both stations of this schedule simultaneously stopped sending any traffic, and then sent only null messages during months on; then in September 2015, both stations simultaneously stopped transmitting at all, effectively ending this shared schedule.
Operation errors

On June 1st, 2016, during a scheduled broadcast of F06 ID 90073, an F01 null message was mistakenly transmitted on the first two slots, before correctly sending an F06 null message on the third slot.

In his Radio Intrigue report #63, [[Don Schimmel]] relates an incident where an M14 null message was mistakenly transmitted instead of an M42 transmission. However this is not entirely conclusive, as M42 also includes presumed diplomatic transmissions that are linked to this operator but are not believed to be directly included in its numbers station activities; and the particular details of the M42 transmission in this incident are not identified.

On July 20th, 2017, a regular scheduled transmission of G06 ID 329 sent a null message using the E06 voice instead. Conversely, on April 18th, 2019, a regular scheduled fake message E06 transmission was sent using the G06 voice. (Both transmissions ended with a leaked Windows XP shutdown sound.)
On October 17th, 2014, an S06 transmission simultaneously sending on a different frequency was leaked through the audio of a regular G06 transmission.

On March 13th, 2018, a sporadic E06 ID 729 transmission simultaneously sending on a different frequency was leaked through the audio of a scheduled S06 ID 480 transmission.

== Activity breakdown ==

Much of this operator's activity goes through its advanced digital modes, F06 and F01; especially considering the significant share of analog schedules that are in fact only dedicated to the fake message operations.

The activity of this operator is mostly based in western Russia, with Moscow and Smolensk as main sites; digital transmissions are foremost based in Moscow, while Smolensk operates many of the analog schedules. It also operates sites with lower activity in Orenburg, Chita, and also in Havana, Cuba. Until 2019 it also ran a daily transmission network featuring all modes, from an unidentified site in the Russian Far East over the Pacific area.

== Encryption modes ==

The prime option for encryption would be one-time pads, and it seems reasonable to think that it would be used on most schedules. However, some of the schedules of digital stations F01 and F06 share a set of features that point to something incompatible with one-time pads.

In affected schedules, the encrypted part of the messages starts with a triple timestamp header, which is encrypted with a key that gets reused year long, message after message within the schedule, and produces visibly similar and even identical groups across different messages. For example, the 4th, 8th and 12th groups will almost always remain constant. This is the clearest sign that at least this part of the messages does not use one-time pads.

According to information sourced by Numbers & Oddities, one of the metadata header fields is a one-time pad parameter that would point to a resource unique to a given recipient. In affected schedules, a recurring well-known bogus value (36987), or other anagrammed bogus-looking values, sometimes appear in this field.

In the protocol of the F01 mode, the metadata header, which contains the one-time pad parameter, holds an optional place, and can be featured or not depending on the schedule. Although data is lacking to conclusively confirm this, it can be theorized that this optional header is always absent in affected schedules, because the one-time pad parameter value it carries is bogus and unnecessary.
In affected schedules, messages always have even group counts.
Test frequencies

This operator has several known frequencies on which it runs test, training, drill transmissions... Analog formats use 7353, 8140, 9073, 9300, 9463, 10270, 10755, 13530, and 19460 kHz, and use a number of known test IDs: 801 (7353, 9300, 9463 kHz) and 975 (8140, 10755 kHz). Digital formats use 6780, 7992, 8140, 9300, and 13530 kHz.

== Operation quirks ==

Most of the visible quirks can be attributed to operations from the Smolensk site - which include regular G06 schedules and all G06, E06 and M14 schedules sending fake messages. Unlike with other sites, they are operated in a partially manual way: they use a different warmup procedure and start transmissions a few minutes off the schedule; and M14 transmissions use MCW modulation instead of ICW. Transmissions from Smolensk are also particularly prone to errors, and regularly leak Windows XP shutdown sounds at the end of the last broadcast of the day, and sometimes other Windows XP system sounds as well. Occasionally, they will transmit using voice samples in the wrong language.

== Sources ==

(Text from Priyom.org)

Spy Numbers Stations

2019-07-25T14:19:46Z

The Wrigley Guerrilla:

'''Spy Numbers Stations''' are shortwave radio stations that are speculated to have been broadcasting since World War I. The true origin and purpose of them are unknown. A popular theory is that these stations are intended for spies in the field using a One Time Pad. Another theory is that they are used in drug smuggling operations.

[[Image:Numbers stations map.gif|center|A map showing several locations of Number Stations]]

== Description and operation ==
Number stations are shortwave transmissions from foreign intelligence agencies to spies in the field of foreign countries. Since the fact of operating a number station is technically a state secret, there have been very few confirmations from government organizations - those that have were the Czech Office for Foreign Relations and Information (we also obtained a Top Secret document), Polish Institute of National Remembrance and the Swedish Security Service SÄPO. Usage of number stations has additionally been confirmed by former Cold War spies, and the cases of Kim Hyon-hui (1987), Erwin van Haarlem (1988), The Cuban Five (1998) and Andreas and Heindrun Anschlag (2011).

Number stations transmit encrypted messages in forms of groups of numbers, or less commonly letters, using either automated voice (many languages), Morse code or digital signals. While the encryption method used for most number stations is unknown, some have used and others are widely believed to use one-time pad - mathematical addition of a set of random numbers (the key) to the plaintext, which can be used only once, and must be destroyed after usage. Some of the stations are believed to transmit pre-defined codebook instructions.

Number stations offer a powerful advantage in our modern world: practically complete anonymity. The recipient of the message can be almost anywhere in the world, and receive instructions without fear of being traced through a phone call or internet connection. All the recipient needs is a shortwave radio and to be in the right place at the right time.

The first account of a number station, as reported in ENIGMA Newsletter Issue #12, was from the Austrian Kurzwelle Panorama magazine dating from World War I. The BBC were noted for sending messages to people overseas which where coded messages to SOE agents during WW2. From then on encrypted messages broadcasted with creepy automated voices have been being sent with stations appearing and disappearing as political events changed over the last 60 years. The amount of active stations has significantly decreased since the late 1990s, though number stations are still actively used by countries such as Russia, Poland and Cuba.

ENIGMA naming system

The most popular number station naming system was devised by the European Numbers Information Gathering and Monitoring Assocation (ENIGMA), a number station research group active in 1993-2000, and later maintained by ENIGMA 2000. It was created to solve ambiguities in number station reporting, and classifies stations by language or type of signal. Each ENIGMA designator consists of an alphabetic prefix followed by an ordinary number.

Current prefixes:

E - English language voice broadcasts

G - German language voice broadcasts

S - Slavic language voice broadcasts

V - Voice broadcasts in all other languages

M - Morse code

F - Frequency-shift keying digital modes

P - Phase-shift keying digital modes

XP - Russian 7 digital modes

HM - Hybrids of analog and digital modes

== Active Spy Numbers Stations ==
*[[V2]] Attencion Cuba
*[[HM01]] Cuba
*[[S06]] Russian Man, Russia
*[[V13]] New Star Radio Taiwan
*[[V24]] South Korea
*[[V26]] China
*[[M94]] South Korea
*[[X06]] Mazielka, Russia
*[[XUP]] Pulser, N. America
*[[G2 (Swedish Rhapsody)]] Poland

== Inactive Spy Numbers Stations ==
*[[E10]] [[MOSSAD]] Israel
*[[E3]] [[Lincolnshire Poacher]] Malta
*[[M25]] KKN family, USA and worldwide
*[[G03 (The Gong Station)]] East Germany

== Parody Spy Numbers Stations ==
[[Image:LadySpy.png|right|120px]]
*[[Attention 69 Numbers Station]]
*[[Brother Stair Numbers]]
*[[Roman Numerals Numbers Station]]
*[[WBNY]]

== Unknown/anonymous spy number station ==
*[[XM Whales (The Backwards Music Station)]]

== See also ==
* [[Cuban Intelligence Radio Stations/Operations]]
* [[Soviet/Russian Strategic Communication/Warfare Units]]
* [[Russian 6]]
* [[DGI]]
* [[Havana Moon]]
* [[Pedro]]
* [[ENIGMA]]
* [[ENIGMA2000]]
* [[Langley Pierce]]
* [[Numbers stations in popular culture]]

==External links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_stations Numbers Station (Wikipedia)]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conet_Project The Conet Project (Wikipedia)]
*[http://irdial.hyperreal.org/ Conet Project downloads]
*[http://www.spynumbers.com Spy Numbers]
* [http://www.simonmason.karoo.net/page30.html Simon Mason's website]

==Further reading==
* Langley Pierce: "Intercepting Numbers Stations", Interproducts, Perth, UK, ISBN 0-9519783-4-9, 1994.
* Havana Moon: "[http://wrgpmusic.no-ip.org.nyud.net/UnoDosCuatro.pdf Uno, Dos, Cuatro - A Guide to the Numbers Stations]", Tiare Publications, Lake Geneva, ISBN 0-936653-06-X, 1987
* Simon Mason: [http://www.simonmason.karoo.net/SECRET_SIGNALS.doc Secret Signals] (The Euronumbers Mystery), Tiare Publications, ISBN 0-936653-28-0.
* Harry L. Helms, W5HLH: "How To Tune The Secret Shortwave Spectrum", TAB Books, ISBN 0-8306-1185-1, 1981.
* Don Schimmel: "The Underground Frequency Guide", HighText, ISBN 1-878707-17-5, 1994

[[Category:Radio station lists]]
[[Category:Spy stations|!]]